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BIOCHEMISTRY TABLE > VITAMINS & MINERALS > Flashcards

VITAMINS & MINERALS Flashcards

1
Q

Major site of storage of fat-soluble vitamins in the body

A

Liver

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2
Q

Liver cell responsible for vitamin A storage and liver fibrosis when activated

A

Stellate cells of Ito (perisinusoidal space)

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3
Q

Storage period of vitamin A in the liver

A

6 months

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4
Q

The only 2 water-soluble vitamins that is mainly stored in the liver

A

Vitamin B9

Vitamin B12

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5
Q

Storage period of vitamin B9 in the body

A

3-4 months

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6
Q

Storage period of vitamin B12 in the body

A

3-12 months

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7
Q

Richest source of vitamin A and vitamin D

A

Halibut (fish) liver oil

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8
Q

Richest plant source of vitamin A

A

Carrot

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9
Q

Major source of vitamin D

A

Endogenous synthesis from 7- dehydrocholesterol via ultraviolet ray B (UVB)

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10
Q

This form of vitamin K is mainly derived from dietary sources

A

Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1)

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11
Q

This form of vitamin K is synthesized by intestinal bacterial flora

A

Menaquinone (Vitamin K2)

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12
Q

This form of SYNTHETIC, WATER- SOLUBLE vitamin K is found in supplements

A

Menadione (Vitamin K3)

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13
Q

These vitamins are synthesized by intestinal microflora

A

These vitamins are synthesized by intestinal microflora

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14
Q

This vitamin can be derived from tryptophan

A

Niacin

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15
Q

This is the only water-soluble vitamin not derived from plant sources

A

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

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16
Q

Most prevalent form of carotenoid

A

β-carotene

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17
Q

Carotenoid used to protect against macular degeneration

A

Lutein

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18
Q

Carotenoid used to protect against prostate cancer

A

Lycopene

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19
Q

Vitamin A deficiency can lead to this form of metaplasia in GI and respiratory tracts

A

Squamous metaplasia (columnar → squamous)

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20
Q

Most common vitamin deficiency worldwide;

Most common cause of preventable blindness worldwide

A

Vitamin A deficiency

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21
Q

Earliest sign of vitamin A deficiency

A

Loss of sensitivity to green light

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22
Q

Earliest symptom of vitamin A deficiency

A

Nyctalopia (night blindness)

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23
Q

Most abundant form of vitamin D in blood circulation; Analyte used in determining the vitamin D status of the patient

A

25-hydroxy (OH)- cholecalciferol

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24
Q

Most biologically active form of vitamin D

A

1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol (Calcitriol)

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25
Q

Inactive form of vitamin D which isproduced by the kidneys when there is high level of Ca2+ in circulation

A

24,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol (Calcitroic acid)

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26
Q

Vitamin D can be used to prevent infections caused by this agent

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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27
Q

Vitamin D has antiproliferative effects against these cancers

A

Colon cancer

Breast cancer Prostate cancer

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28
Q

Vitamin D deficiency presentation in children BEFORE closure of epiphysis

A

Rickets

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29
Q

Vitamin D deficiency presentation in children AFTER closure of epiphysis

A

Osteomalacia

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30
Q

Vitamins and minerals with antioxidant properties

A 
Vitamin A 
Vitamin C 
Vitamin E 
Zinc 
Selenium
31
Q

Most powerful naturally occurring antioxidant

A

Vitamin E

32
Q

High levels of Vitamin E may interfere with the effects of this vitamin

A

Vitamin K

33
Q

This enzyme is absent in humans and other primates causing inability to convert glucose to vitamin C

A

Gulonolactone oxidase

34
Q

Salient features of scurvy

A

Swollen gums
Poor wound healing
Bleeding diathesis
Corkscrew hair

35
Q

Triad of REVERSBLE symptoms seen in Wernicke encephalopathy

A

Confusion
Ophthalmoplegia
Ataxia

36
Q

IRREVERSIBLE symptoms seen in Korsakoff syndrome

A

Confabulation
Personality changes
Memory loss

37
Q

Damaged CNS structures in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Mammillary bodies,
Medial dorsal nucleus of
thalamus

38
Q

2Cs of vitamin B2 deficiency

A

Cheilosis,

Corneal vascularization

39
Q

Conversion ratio of tryptophan to niacin

A

60 mg tryptophan = 1 mg niacin

40
Q

Vitamins required in the synthesis of niacin from tryptophan

A

Vitamin B2

Vitamin B6

41
Q

Effect of niacin to cholesterol profile

A

Decreases VLDL

Increases HDL

42
Q

3Ds of vitamin B3 deficiency

A

Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia

43
Q

Classical form of dermatitis seen in C3/C4 dermatome area in patients with vitamin B3 deficiency

A

Casal necklace

44
Q

Conditions increasing the risk for vitamin B3 deficiency

A

Hartnup disease
Carcinoid syndrome
Isoniazid use

45
Q

Prominent features of vitamin B3 toxicity

A

Podagra
Hepatotoxicity
Facial flushing

46
Q

Vitamin B5 deficiency causes this condition

A

Gopalan’s burning feet syndrome (nutritional

melalgia)

47
Q

This is the only enzyme needing vitamin B6 which is not associated with amino acid metabolism

A

Glycogen phosphorylase (for glycogenolysis)

48
Q

Toxicity of vitamin B6

A

Sensory neuropathy

49
Q

RDA of this vitamin depends on protein intake

A

Vitamin B6

50
Q

Substance found in raw egg whites (and in some antibiotics) that avidly binds to biotin → functional deficiency

A

Avidin

51
Q

Site of vitamin B9 absorption

A

Jejunum

52
Q

Site of vitamin B12 absorption

A

Ileum

53
Q

Laboratory parameter that distinguishes vitamin B12 deficiency from vitamin B9 deficiency

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency: ↑ methylmalonic acid Vitamin B9 deficiency:
Normal methylmalonic acid

54
Q

Folic acid supplementation to pregnant women with NO HISTORY OF OFFSPRING WITH NTDs

A

400 ug

55
Q

Folic acid supplementation to pregnant women with HISTORY OF OFFSPRING WITH NTDs

A

4000 ug

56
Q

Salivary protein that binds to freed vitamin B12 in the stomach

A

Haptocorrin (transcobalamin I)

57
Q

Stomach protein that binds to freed vitamin B12 in the duodenum

A

Intrinsic factor

58
Q

Receptors that allow the endocytosis of vitamin B12- intrinsic factor complex

A

Cubilin receptors of ileal enterocytes

59
Q

Transport protein of vitamin B12 in circulation

A

Transcobalamin II

60
Q

The site of absorption of iron

A

Proximal duodenum

61
Q

This form of iron is favored for absorption across the luminal side of the enterocytes

A

Ferrous (Fe2+) iron

62
Q

This vitamin favors the reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron

A

This vitamin favors the reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron

63
Q

This protein is responsible for transferring iron across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes to the circulation

A

Ferroportin

64
Q

This form of iron is favored when it is being transported in the plasma by transferrin

A

Ferric (Fe3+) iron

65
Q

Chief regulator of systemic iron homeostasis

A

Hepcidin

66
Q

This water-soluble substance serves as an indicator of iron body stores

A

Ferritin

67
Q

This water-insoluble substance serves as an index of iron overload

A

Hemosiderin

68
Q

Classic triad of hemochromatosis

A

Cirrhosis
Diabetes mellitus
Bronzing

69
Q

Kayser-Fleischer rings seen in Wilson disease are deposited in this layer of the cornea

A

Descemet membrane

70
Q

Autosomal recessives disorder causing ↓ zinc absorption

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

71
Q

Mineral that stabilizes the structure of insulin; Deficiency of this mineral causes impaired spermatogenesis

A

Zinc

72
Q

Mineral that potentiates the action of insulin

A

Chromium

73
Q

Endemic, reversible cardiomyopathy seen in patients with Se deficiency

A

Keshan cardiomyopathy

74
Q

Prominent feature of Se toxicity

A

Garlic breath

BIOCHEMISTRY TABLE (8 decks)

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