Vitamins General

Question 1

Coenzyme

Answer 1

organic non-protein substance that binds to an enzyme to promote activity of the enzyme with which it is bound

Question 2

Vitamin

Answer 2

essential macronutrient
needed in only small amounts
organic compounds

Question 3

Role of Vitamins in the body

Answer 3

promote and regulate body processes necessary for growth, reproduction, maintenance of health and life

Question 4

Vitamins are divided into two groups of solubility

Answer 4

Water-soluble

fat-soluble

Question 5

water-soluble vitamins

Answer 5

B vitamins, Vitamin C

Question 6

Fat-Soluble vitamins

Answer 6

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Question 7

where are vitamins found?

Answer 7

naturally in food groups, including oils

Question 8

which food groups lacks B12?

Answer 8

grains, fruits, vegetables

Question 9

which food groups lack Vitamin C?

Answer 9

grains, dairy, protein

Question 10

fortification

Answer 10

gov’t mandated to address macronutrient deficiences

Question 11

voluntary fortification

Answer 11

NOT MANDATED

increased risk for exceeding tolerable upper intake limits

Question 12

what helps to release vitamins from food

Answer 12

Mouth - mechanical digestion

stomach - chemical digestion

Question 13

vitamin absorption mainly takes place in the….

Answer 13

small intestine, aided by pancreatic digestive enzymes

Question 14

water-soluble vitamins need assistance to be absorbed by mucosal cells

Answer 14

transport system (energy needed) or bind to specific molecule
-once absorbed, able to directly into bloodstream.

Question 15

fat-soluble vitamins absorption happens through…

Answer 15

micelles and chylomicrons

Question 16

fat soluble vitamins absoprtion - micelles

Answer 16

• products of fat digestion
• bile surrounds these droplets
• facilitates absorption (simple diffusion)

Question 17

fat soluble vitamins absorption - chylomicrons

Answer 17

comprised of newly reassembled TGs, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins that are packaged with phsopholipids and proteins

• too big to enter capillaries
• enter lymphs
• delivers TG to cells in body

Question 18

What happens in the large intestine?

Answer 18

bacteria can make a small amount of vitamins

Question 19

bioavailibility

Answer 19

extend to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient

Question 20

vitamin bioavailability is influenced by

Answer 20

• composition of diet
• conditions of the GI tract
• rest of the body (too low fat diet and not enough circulating blood proteins)

Question 21

some vitamins are absorbed in an inactive form

Answer 21

provitamins or vitamin precursor: compound in inactive vitamins that us converted to active form in the body

Question 22

antioxidant

Answer 22

substance that decreases adverse effects of reactive molecules on normal physiological functions. they protect against oxidative damage

Question 23

highly reactive molecule

Answer 23

damage caused by highly reactive molecules that steal electrons from other compounds, causing changes in structure and function

Question 24

free radical

Answer 24

type of highly reactice molecule

Question 25

which vitamins are antioxidants?

Answer 25

Vitamin C and E

Question 26

vitamin needs are met by

Answer 26

meeting calorie needs consuming nutrient dense food eating diet patterns suggested by myplate and DGoA

Question 27

High Source of Vitamins (Daily Value)

Answer 27

20% or more

Question 28

good source of vitamins (daily values)

Answer 28

10% - 19%

Question 29

poor source of vitamins (daily value)

Answer 29

5% or less

Question 30

B Vitamins

Answer 30

- easily absorbed - they are stored in the body to any large extent - excess in the urine - need to be consumed regularly - obtaining water soluble vitamins from foods will be toxic - toxic levels can occur with supplementation even though excess is excreted

Question 31

Every Vitamin is part of ...

Answer 31

one or more coenzymes

Question 32

Catabolism

Answer 32

breaking apart (destructive) component of metabolism that releases energy

Question 33

anabolism

Answer 33

constructive part of metabolism where new material is made

Question 34

Bi vitamins, directly or indirectly, are involved in

Answer 34

energy metabolism

Question 35

active form of thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and biotin

Answer 35

directly involved in converting energy to ATP

Question 36

B vitamins do NOT provide us with energy

Answer 36

they help with extracting energy

Question 37

Folate and B12

Answer 37

coenzymes - needed to make DNA and RNA , needed for making new cells

Question 38

Vitamin B6 helps with the synthesis of

Answer 38

hemoglobin