Vitamins General Flashcards

1
Q

Coenzyme

A

organic non-protein substance that binds to an enzyme to promote activity of the enzyme with which it is bound

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2
Q

Vitamin

A

essential macronutrient
needed in only small amounts
organic compounds

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3
Q

Role of Vitamins in the body

A

promote and regulate body processes necessary for growth, reproduction, maintenance of health and life

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4
Q

Vitamins are divided into two groups of solubility

A

Water-soluble

fat-soluble

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5
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins, Vitamin C

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6
Q

Fat-Soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

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7
Q

where are vitamins found?

A

naturally in food groups, including oils

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8
Q

which food groups lacks B12?

A

grains, fruits, vegetables

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9
Q

which food groups lack Vitamin C?

A

grains, dairy, protein

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10
Q

fortification

A

gov’t mandated to address macronutrient deficiences

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11
Q

voluntary fortification

A

NOT MANDATED

increased risk for exceeding tolerable upper intake limits

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12
Q

what helps to release vitamins from food

A

Mouth - mechanical digestion

stomach - chemical digestion

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13
Q

vitamin absorption mainly takes place in the….

A

small intestine, aided by pancreatic digestive enzymes

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14
Q

water-soluble vitamins need assistance to be absorbed by mucosal cells

A
transport system (energy needed) or bind to specific molecule
-once absorbed, able to directly into bloodstream.
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15
Q

fat-soluble vitamins absorption happens through…

A

micelles and chylomicrons

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16
Q

fat soluble vitamins absoprtion - micelles

A
  • products of fat digestion
  • bile surrounds these droplets
  • facilitates absorption (simple diffusion)
17
Q

fat soluble vitamins absorption - chylomicrons

A

comprised of newly reassembled TGs, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins that are packaged with phsopholipids and proteins

  • too big to enter capillaries
  • enter lymphs
  • delivers TG to cells in body
18
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

bacteria can make a small amount of vitamins

19
Q

bioavailibility

A

extend to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient

20
Q

vitamin bioavailability is influenced by

A
  • composition of diet
  • conditions of the GI tract
  • rest of the body (too low fat diet and not enough circulating blood proteins)
21
Q

some vitamins are absorbed in an inactive form

A

provitamins or vitamin precursor: compound in inactive vitamins that us converted to active form in the body

22
Q

antioxidant

A

substance that decreases adverse effects of reactive molecules on normal physiological functions. they protect against oxidative damage

23
Q

highly reactive molecule

A

damage caused by highly reactive molecules that steal electrons from other compounds, causing changes in structure and function

24
Q

free radical

A

type of highly reactice molecule

25
which vitamins are antioxidants?
Vitamin C and E
26
vitamin needs are met by
meeting calorie needs consuming nutrient dense food eating diet patterns suggested by myplate and DGoA
27
High Source of Vitamins (Daily Value)
20% or more
28
good source of vitamins (daily values)
10% - 19%
29
poor source of vitamins (daily value)
5% or less
30
B Vitamins
- easily absorbed - they are stored in the body to any large extent - excess in the urine - need to be consumed regularly - obtaining water soluble vitamins from foods will be toxic - toxic levels can occur with supplementation even though excess is excreted
31
Every Vitamin is part of ...
one or more coenzymes
32
Catabolism
breaking apart (destructive) component of metabolism that releases energy
33
anabolism
constructive part of metabolism where new material is made
34
Bi vitamins, directly or indirectly, are involved in
energy metabolism
35
active form of thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and biotin
directly involved in converting energy to ATP
36
B vitamins do NOT provide us with energy
they help with extracting energy
37
Folate and B12
coenzymes - needed to make DNA and RNA , needed for making new cells
38
Vitamin B6 helps with the synthesis of
hemoglobin