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Nelson - Nutrition > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Physiologically most important Vitamin A metabolite

A

Retinoic acid

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2
Q

Most characteristic and specific signs of vit A deficiency are

A

Eye lesions

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3
Q

Vit A deficiency: Caused by absence of retinal pigment rhodopsin

A

Night blindness

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4
Q

Vit A deficiency: Dry, scaly layer of cells in the cornea

A

Xerophthalmia

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5
Q

Vit A deficiency: Characeristic lesion

A

Xerophthalmia

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6
Q

Vit A deficiency: Development of plaques after the conjunctiva keratinizes

A

Bitot spots

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7
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine

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8
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

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9
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

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10
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

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11
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin

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12
Q

Vitamin that serves as cofactor for several enzymes in CARBOHYDRATE metab

A

B1

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13
Q

Vitamin that is part of the structure of coenzymes that participate in REDOX reactions and energy production via the mitochondrial respiratory chain

A

B2

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14
Q

Vitamin that forms part of 2 cofactors, NAD and NADP in the respiratory chain, FATTY ACID, and STEROID synthesis, cell diff, and DNA processing

A

B3

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15
Q

Vitamin that functions as coenzymes in AMINO ACID metab and steroid action

A

B6

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16
Q

Vitamin that serves as cofactor for isomerization of methylmalonyl Co-A to succinyl CoA

A

B12

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17
Q

Vitamin that is important for synthesis of collagen at the level of hydroxylation of lysine and proline in precollagen

A

Vitamin C

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18
Q

Vitamin that is required for the synthesis of GABA and Ach for nerve conduction

A

B1

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19
Q

Vitamin that can be synthesized from tryptophan in the diet

A

B3

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20
Q

Vitamin that is almost exclusively from animal foods

A

B12

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21
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Associated with diet consisting of polished rice

A

B1 (oriental beriberi)

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22
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Peripheral neuritis, decreased DTRs, loss of vibration sense, tenderness and cramping of leg musculature, CHF, psychic distrubances

A

B1 (beriberi)

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23
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Wernicke enceph

A

B1 (beriberi: mental status changes, ocular signs, ataxia)

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24
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Angular cheilosis in a malnourished child

A

B2

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25
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Glossitis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, photophobia, lacrimation, corneal vasculatization, seb derm

A

B2

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26
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Pellagra

A

B3

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27
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Occurs in population where corn is the major foodstuff

A

B3 (Pellagra)

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28
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Glycine metab can lead to oxaluria

A

B6

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29
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Risk increased in persons taking INH, penicillamine, steroids, and anticonvulsants

A

B6 (vitamin B6 inhibitors)

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30
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Strict vegetarian or vegan diets

A

B12

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31
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Pernicious anemia due to intrinsic factor deficiency

A

B12

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32
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Scurvy

A

Vitamin C

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33
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Leg swelling and pseudoparalysis, subperiosteal hemorrhages in the lower limb bones

A

Vitamin C

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34
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Rickets

A

Vitamin D

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35
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Craniotabes

A

Vitamin D

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36
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Hemolysis and neurologic manifestations

A

Vitamin E

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37
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Low erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA) and high thiamine pyrophosphate effect (TTPE)

A

B1

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38
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death, photosensitivity

A

B3 (classic pellagra triad: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)

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39
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Peripheral neuritis is a feature of deficiency in adults

A

B6

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40
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Seen in ileal resections due to Crohn’s disease

A

B12

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41
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Rosary at costochondral junction

A

Vitamin C

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42
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Typical radiographic changes occur at distal ends of long bones

A

Vitamin C

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43
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Horizontal depression along lower anterior chest

A

Vitamin D (Harrison groove)

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44
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Rachitic changes most easily visualized on PA radiographs of wrist

A

Vitamin D

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45
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Primary deficiency rare except in premature infants and severe, generalized malnutrition

A

Vitamin E

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46
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Shafts of long bones have ground-glass appearance due to trabecular atrophy

A

Vitamin C

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47
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Pencil outlining of diaphysis and epiphysis

A

Vitamin C

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48
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Disease of growing bone and occurs in children only before fusion of the epiphyses

A

Vitamin D (Rickets)

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49
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Edge of metaphysis loses its sharp border (fraying)

A

Vitamin D

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50
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Irregular but thickened white line at the metaphysis representing the zone of well-calcified cartilage

A

Vitamin C (White line of Frenkel)

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51
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Edge of metaphysis changes from a convex or flat surface to a more concave surface (cupping)

A

Vitamin D

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52
Q

Vitamin deficiency: More specific but late radiographic feature is a zone of refraction under the white line at the metaphysis

A

Vitamin C (Trumerfed zone)

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53
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Hemolysis during the 2nd month of life in premature infants

A

Vitamin E

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54
Q

3 forms of vitamin K-deficiency bleeding

A

1) Classic HDN/sec to low stores of Vit K at birth 2) Late VKDB 3) At birth or shortly thereafter/sec to maternal intake of meds that cross placenta and interfere with vit K function

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55
Q

Vit K deficiency bleeding: Occurs mostly in breastfed infants on days 1-14

A

Classic HDN

56
Q

Characteristic sign of beriberi

A

Hoarseness or aphonia caused by paralysis of laryngeal nerve

57
Q

2 types of beriberi

A

Dry/neuritic and wet/cardiac

58
Q

Death in beriberi is usually secondary to

A

Cardiac involvement

59
Q

Site of absorption of Vit B12

60
Q

Necessary for Vit B12 absorption

A

Intrinsic factor

61
Q

Site of absorption of Vit C

A

Upper small intestine

62
Q

Most potent compound of Vit E

A

α-tocopherol

63
Q

Main form of vitamin E in humans

A

α-tocopherol

64
Q

Thiamine can be retained in rice by

A

Parboiling (steaming rice in the husk before milling)

65
Q

Children with cardiac failure, convulsions, or coma from B1 deficiency should be given

A

10mg thiamine IM or IV daily for the 1st week, then 3-5mg orally for at least 6 weeks

66
Q

Most characteristic manifestation of pellagra

A

Dermatitis

67
Q

Important confirmatory test for vit B3 deficiency

A

Rapid clinical response to niacin

68
Q

Cofactor for enzymes in CAROBXYLATION reactions within and outside the mitochondria

69
Q

Known biotin antagonist found in egg whites

70
Q

Anticonvulsant that can cause biotin deficiency

A

Valproic acid

71
Q

Mineral known for its role in DNA and RNA synthesis

72
Q

Indicator of chronic folate deficiency

A

RBC folate

73
Q

T/F Hematologic manifestations of B12 deficiency is similar to folate deficiency

74
Q

MCC of rickets

A

Vit D deficiency

75
Q

Technically not a vitamin because it can be synthesized in skin epithelial cells

76
Q

Humoral mediator that decreases renal tubular absorption of phosphate and decreases activity of renal 1α-hydroxylase

A

Phosphatonin

77
Q

Type of rickets: Mutation in gene encoding renal 1α-hydroxylase

A

Vit D-dependent rickets type 1

78
Q

Type of rickets: Mutation in gene encoding vitamin D receptor

A

Vit D-dependent rickets type 2

79
Q

Actions of 1,25-D

A

1) Increase intestinal absorption of Ca 2) Bone resorption 3) Suppress PTH secretion

80
Q

1α-hydroxylase is upregulated by

A

PTH and hypophosphatemia

81
Q

Most well-characterized phosphatonin

82
Q

T/F Overproduction of phosphatonin may cause rickets

83
Q

80% of transfer of calcium and phosphorus to the fetus occurs during

A

3rd trimester

84
Q

T/F Children with light complexion are at increased risk for Vitamin D deficiency because of decreased cutaneous synthesis

A

F, increased skin pigmentation

85
Q

Ensures rapid cure for Vitamin C deficiency

A

Supplements of 100-200mg/day

86
Q

Amount of vitamin C that can cause GI problems

87
Q

Most abundant circulating form of vitamin D

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D

88
Q

Recommended upper limits for long term vit D intake

A

1000IU <1y/o, 2000IU for older children and adults

89
Q

Dominant mechanism for hypercalcemia in hypervitaminosis D

A

Excessive bone resorption

90
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypervitaminosis D are secondary to

A

Hypercalcemia

91
Q

Mineral deficiency: Periorificial dermatitis, conjunctivitis, thinning of hair, alopecia

92
Q

Mineral deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia

93
Q

Mineral deficiency: Hypersegmentation of neutrophils

94
Q

Mineral deficiency: Polyostic fibrous dysplasia, hyperpigmented macules, polyendocrinopathy

A

Phosphorus (McCune Albright Syndrome)

95
Q

Mineral deficiency: Epidermal nevus syndrome

A

Phosphorus

96
Q

Mineral deficiency: Neurofibromatosis

A

Phosphorus

97
Q

Mineral deficiency: Fractures and softening of ribs leading to decreased chest compliance, atelectasis, poor ventilation and respiratory distress at <5 weeks after birth

A

Calcium and phosphorus (rickets of prematurity)

98
Q

Serum phos in rickets of prematurity

A

Low or low-normal

99
Q

Serum calcium in rickets of prematurity

A

Low, normal, or high

100
Q

Suspected in infants with ALP 5-6x upper limit of normal or phosphorus <5.6mg/dL

A

Rickets of prematurity

101
Q

Vitamin Excess: Hypercalcemia + elevated serum 25-D level

102
Q

MC site of bleeding in classic HDN

A

GIT, mucosal and cutaneous tissue, umbilical stump, post-circumcision type

103
Q

Onset of late VKDB

A

2-12 weeks up to 6 months

104
Q

Almost all cases of late VKDB occurs in what population

A

Breastfed infants

105
Q

MC site of late onset VKDB

A

Intracranial

106
Q

T/F In VKDB, prolonged PT corrects rapidly after administration of Vitamin K

A

T, PT decreases within 6 hrs and normalizes within 24h

107
Q

Vit K dependent clotting factor with the shortest half-life and is the first factor affected in Vitamin K deficiency

108
Q

Oral or parenteral Vit K prevents what type of VKDB

A

Early VDKBB

109
Q

Universally effective in preventing late VKDB

A

Single IM administration of 1mg vitamin K

110
Q

Mineral deficiency: Populations in inland areas

111
Q

Mineral deficiency: Keshan cardiomyopathy

112
Q

Mineral deficiency: Menkes disease

A

Copper (mutation in gene encoding for protein that facilitates intestinal absorption)

113
Q

Mineral deficiency: Acrodermatitis enteropathica

114
Q

Mineral deficiency: Seen in individuals with diets rich in phytates

A

Zinc (binds zinc, impairing its absorption)

115
Q

T/F Boiling milk destroys vitamin B1

116
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Nasolabial seborrhea

117
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Posterior lateral spinal column disease

118
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Vitiligo

119
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Fish tapeworm infection

120
Q

Mineral deficient in goat’s milk that results in anemia

121
Q

T/F Heat inactivates folate

122
Q

Vitamin that may improve tyrosine metabolism in preterm infants

A

Ascorbic acid

123
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Elevated PIVKA

124
Q

Vitamin deficiency: Seen in exclusively breasted infants

125
Q

Vitamin excess: Chronic elevation is teratogenic

126
Q

Vitamin excess: Consumption of polar bear liver

127
Q

Vitamin excess: Antagonism of Vitamin K

128
Q

Vitamin excess: Improve libido

129
Q

Vitamin excess: Schizophrenia

130
Q

Mineral deficiency: Spoon nails

131
Q

Mineral deficiency: Reduced muscle and mental performance

132
Q

Anemia in copper deficiency

A

Hypochromic

133
Q

Mineral deficiency: Seen in long-term TPN

134
Q

Functions as insulin cofactor

135
Q

Types of cretinism: Aka congenital hypothyroidism

A

Myxedematous cretinism

136
Q

Types of cretinism: Mental retardation, deafness, spasticity, normal thyroxine at bbirth

A

Neurologic cretinism

Nelson - Nutrition (4 decks)

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