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Nelson - Nutrition > Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents > Flashcards

Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents Flashcards

1
Q

How often should infants feed?

A

At least 8x/24 hrs

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2
Q

Breastfeeding is protective agains what acute disorders

A

Diarrhea, otitis media, UTI, NEC, septicemia, infant botulism

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3
Q

Breastfeeding is protective agains what chronic disorders

A

IDDM, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, childhood cancer, recurrent OM, allergy

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4
Q

T/F Breastfeeding is protective against overweight and obesity

A

T

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5
Q

T/F Varicella zoster infection is a contraindication to breastfeeding

A

T

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6
Q

T/F Herpes simplex virus infection is a contraindication to breastfeeding

A

T, if with active herpetic lesions of the breast

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7
Q

T/F CMV infection is a contraindication to breastfeeding

A

T

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8
Q

T/F Breastfeeding should be delayed in infants of mothers with hepatitis B infection until workup has been completed

A

F, no delay required

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9
Q

Maternal alcohol intake should be limited to ___ while breastfeeding

A

0.5g/kg/day, ~2 cans of beers, ~2 glasses of wine, ~ 2 ounces of liquor

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10
Q

T/F Cigarette smoking is not a contraindication to breastfeeding

A

T, but is discouraged

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11
Q

T/F Breastfeeding is generally contraindicated in mothers undergoing chemotherapy

A

T

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12
Q

MC reasons for nipple pain while breastfeeding

A

Poor infant positioning and improper latch

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13
Q

Mx for mastitis

A

1) Oral abx and analgesics 2) Promote breastfeeding or emptying of the affected breast

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14
Q

Mx for breast abscess

A

Temporary cessation of breastfeeding

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15
Q

Mx for breastmilk jaundice

A

Infant formula for 24-48h and/or phototherapy without cessation of breastfeeding

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16
Q

Calories provided with formula feeding in general

A

20kcal//30mL

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17
Q

Usual intake to allow a weight gain of 25-30g/day in the first 3 months of life

A

140-200 mL/kg/day milk formula

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18
Q

Whole cow’s milk should not be introduced until

A

12 months of age

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19
Q

Predominant whey protein in bovine milk

A

β-globulin

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20
Q

Predominant whey protein in human milk

A

α-lactalbumin

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21
Q

Soy protein-based formulas are indicated among patients with (2)

A

1) Galactosemia 2) Hereditary lactase deficiency

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22
Q

T/F Soy protein-based formulas are lactose-free

A

T

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23
Q

T/F Atopic dermatitis may be delayed or prevented in early childhood by the use of extensively or partially hydrolyzed formulas compared to cow’s milk formula

A

T

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24
Q

Preferred formula for infants intolerant to cow’s milk or soy proteins

A

Extensively hydrolyzed formulas

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25
Q

T/F There is no significant harm associated with introduction of complementary foods at 4 months of age

A

T

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26
Q

There is no significant benefit from exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months in terms of (6)

A

1) Iron 2) Zinc 3) Growth 4) Nutriture 5) Allergy 6) Infections

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27
Q

T/F Important principles for weaning: Energy density should not exceed that of breastmilk

A

T

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28
Q

T/F Important principles for weaning: Iron-containing foods are required

A

T

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29
Q

T/F Important principles for weaning: Zinc intake should be encouraged

A

T

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30
Q

Important principles for weaning: Intake of ___ should be low to enhance mineral absorption

A

Phytate

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31
Q

Important principles for weaning: Give no more than ___ ounces per day of cow’s milk

A

24 (~3 standard bottles)

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32
Q

Important principles for weaning: No more than ___ ounces per day of fruit juices

A

4-6

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33
Q

Bedtime bottles should be discouraged because of the association with

A

Dental caries

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34
Q

T/F A newborn can already discriminate between sweet and sour

A

T

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35
Q

Toddlers need to eat ___x per day

A

5

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36
Q

Most commonly consumed vegetable among toddlers and pre-schoolers

A

French fries

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37
Q

Among school-aged children and adolescents, new foods can be offered repeatedly ___x to establish acceptance or rejection of that food

A

8-10

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38
Q

Associated with improved diet quality due to the increased opportunities for positive parenting

A

Regular family meals sitting at a table

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39
Q

Undernutrition is usually an outcome of 3 factors

A

1) Household level food security 2) Access to health and sanitation services 3) Child caring practices

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40
Q

Most important causes of undernutrition

A

1) Inadequate knowledge 2) Lack of time women have available for appropriate infant care practices and their own during pregnancy

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41
Q

Most important factor for undernutrition in times of famine and emergency

A

Food insecurity

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42
Q

Define food security

A

Access by all people at all times to sufficient foods in terms of quality, quantity, and diversity for an active and healthy lifestyle without risk of loss of such access

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43
Q

Greatest risk of undernutrition occurs during

A

1) Pregnancy 2) First 2 years of life

44
Q

Effects of early damage due to undernutrition during pregnancy and first 2 years of life are potentially irreversible

A

T

45
Q

2 main causes of LBW

A

1) Prematurity (developed countries) 2) IUGR (developing countries)

46
Q

Measures skeletal growth which reflects the cumulative impact of events affecting nutritional status that result in stunting

A

Height for age

47
Q

Reflects chronic malnutrition

A

Height for age

48
Q

Most immediate consequence of undernutrition

A

Premature death

49
Q

Key interventions proven to be cost effective in reducing infant and child mortality, improving underweight rates, and reversing micronutrient deficiencies

A

1) EBF 2) Proper complementary feeding 3) Key hygiene behavior 4) Micronutrient interventions 5) Presumptive treatment for malaria for pregnant women in endemic malarial regions and promoting long-lasting insecticide treated bednets 6) Deworming and oral hydration 7) Fortifying

50
Q

Most severe forms of malnutrition

A

1) Maramus 2) Kwashiorkor

51
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Nonedematous

A

Marasmus

52
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Results primarily from inadequate ENERGY or BOTH energy and protein intake

A

Marasmus

53
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Edematous

A

Kwashiorkor

54
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Results primarily from inadequate PROTEIN intake

A

Kwashiorkor

55
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Failure to gain weight and irritability, followed by wt loss and listlessness until emaciation

A

Marasmus

56
Q

T/F In Kwashiorkor, edema occurs EARLY

A

T, can mask failure to gain weight

57
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Skin loses turgor and becomes wrinkled and loose

A

Marasmus

58
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Liver enlargement can occur

A

Kwashiorkor

59
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Dermatitis common

A

Kwashiorkor

60
Q

T/F In Marasmus, loss of fat from sucking pads of cheeks occurs early

A

F, late

61
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Muscle atrophy with resultant hypotonia

A

Marasmus

62
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Hair is sparse and thin

A

Kwashiorkor

63
Q

Chronic necrotizing ulceration of the gingiva and cheek caused by polymicrobial infection with F. necrophorum and P. intermedia

A

Noma

64
Q

Tx for Noma

A

Penicillin and Metronidazole

65
Q

3 phases of SAM treatment

A

1) Initial phase (1-7 days) 2) Rehabilitation phase (weeks 2-6) 3) Follow-up phase (weeks 7-26)

66
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Stabilization phase

A

Initial phase

67
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Correction of dehy and initiation of antibiotic

A

Initial phase

68
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: F100 diet

A

Rehab phase

69
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: RUTF diet

A

Rehab phase

70
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Feeding to cover catch-up growth

A

Follow up phase

71
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Oral feedings started with specialized high-calorie formula like F75

A

Initial phase

72
Q

Initial caloric intake in the initial phase of SAM tx

A

80-100 kcal/kg/day

73
Q

Caloric content of F75

A

75kcal or 315kJ/100mL

74
Q

Protein content of F75

A

0.8g

75
Q

Caloric content of F100

A

100kcal or 420kJ/100mL

76
Q

Protein content of F100

A

2.9g

77
Q

Caloric goal in the rehab phase of SAM tx

A

100kcal/kg/day

78
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Iron therapy started

A

Rehab phase

79
Q

T/F Feeding during the follow up phase of SAM tx should be as libitum

A

T

80
Q

Hallmark of refeeding syndrome

A

Severe hypophosphatemis during the 1st week of starting to refeed

81
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Treat or prevent hypogly, hypothermia, dehy

A

First 1-2 days of intial phase

82
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Correct electrolyte imbalance

A

Initial to rehab phase

83
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Treat infection

A

Initial phase

84
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Correct micronutrient deficiencies without iron

A

Initial phase

85
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Correct micronutrient deficiencies with iron

A

Rehab phase

86
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Correction of micronutrient deficiencies

A

Initial to rehab phase

87
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Increase feeding to recover lost weight

A

Rehab to ff up phase

88
Q

3 phase of SAM treatment: Prepare for discharge

A

Rehab phase

89
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Irritable

A

Marasmus

90
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Extremely emaciated

A

Marasmus

91
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Apathetic

A

Kwashiorkor

92
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Old man’s appearance

A

Marasmus

93
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Skin atrophic and cracked, prone to infection

A

Kwashiorkor

94
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Normal hair

A

Marasmus

95
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Frequent infections with minimal external signs (usually no fever)

A

Marasmus

96
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Hair yellow to reddish

A

Kwashiorkor

97
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Generally not dehydrated by can be hypovolemic

A

Kwashiorkor

98
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Frequently dehydrated and usually dehydration is overestimated

A

Marasmus

99
Q

Bilateral pitting edema of Kwashiorkor begins where

A

Lower legs and feet

100
Q

T/F Exclusion of peanut and nut products from maternal diet while breastfeeding promotes allergy prevention

A

T

101
Q

T/F Delay in introduction of major allergenic foods when complementary feeding promotes allergy prevention

A

T

102
Q

When to introduce cow’s milk to prevent allergy development

A

1 yr

103
Q

When to introduce egg to prevent allergy development

A

18-24 months

104
Q

When to introduce peanut and tree nuts to prevent allergy development

A

3 yrs

105
Q

When to introduce seafood to prevent allergy development

A

3 yrs

Nelson - Nutrition (4 decks)

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