Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards by harryl martinez

Which are coenzymes used for energy generation except for:
Thiamine 
Riboflavin
Biotin
Folic Acid
Choline
Panthothenic acid
Niacin
pyridoxine

Energy Generation
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pyridoxine
Panthothenic acid
biotin

Choline is classify as other water vitamins together with ascorbic acid and carnitine

Folic acid is for hematopesis

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Thiamine or Vit B12 coenzyme forms:

TPP (Thiamine Pyrophosphate)

TDP (Thiamine Diphosphate

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inflamation of tongue

glossitis

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inflamation of corners of mouth

cheilitis

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Which vitamins are use for hematopoesis

Biotin
Choline
Cobalamine
Folic Acid

Folic acid and cobalamine

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These are other water vitamins except for

Thiamine
Ascorbic acid
Carnitine
Pyridoxine
Choline

Thiamine and pyridoxine is used for energy generation

Other water vitamins
Ascorbic acid
Carnitine
Choline

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TPP is a coenzyme for all except

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
alpha-ketogluterate Dehydrogenanse
Tranketolase
Transaldolase
Pyruvate carboxylase

All except for Pyruvate carboxylase

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Localized in peripheral nerve membranes and functions in the transmission of nerve impulses

Thiamin Triphosphate

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Effects of thiamine or vit b12 deficiency, no pyruvate DH activity leads to:

inc pyruvate and lactate
dec pyruvate and lactate
inc puruvate and dec lactate
dec pyruvate adn inc lactate
no change in pyruvate adn lactate

inc pyruvate and lactate

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Effects of thiamine or vit b12 deficiency, no alpha-ketogluterate Dehydrogenanse activity leads to:

decrease oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids

increase oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids

no change oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids

decrease oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids

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Severe thiamine deficiency:

anorexia
ataxia
opthalmoplegia
beri-beri

beri-beri - severe

anorexia- mild

moderate
ataxia
opthalmoplegia

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Type of beri-beri that have advance neuromuscular symtoms such as muscle atrophy, weakness and high CO failure

DRY

WET - same symptoms as dry plus EDEMA

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At risk groups for thiamine deficiency:

Elderly
children
chronic alcoholics
excessive coffee and tea drinkers
restricted diet such as strict polished  rich diet

all except children

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Diagnosis of thiamine deficiency is the use of?

RBC tanskelotase assay

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Vit B2 coenzyme forms:

PLP
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
FMN

Vit B2 or Riboflavin coenzyme forms

FAD Flavin adeline dinucleotide
FMH - Flavin mononucleotide

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Precursor for FAD and FMN

Riboflavin

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Signs and symtoms for riboflavin deficiency except

Angular cheilitis
Glossitis
Scaly dermatitis
Atraxia

Atraxia

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Riboflavin partakes in the mobilization of ____

iron

low iron -> anemia

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_____ is when there is slow conversion of riboflavin to FAD and FMN

Hyperthyroidsim

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Niacin or Vit B3 is obtained from diet as what?

NAD
NA
NADPH
NAm

Nicotinic acid (NA)
Nicotinamide (NAm)

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Niacin can by synthesize from what amino acid?

Tryptophan

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TRUE or FALSE

Niacin or Vit B3 can be argued as non-vitamin because vitamins cannot be synthesized from the body. Why?

TRUE because Niacin can be synthesize by tryptophan

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how much mg of tryptophan need to convert 1 mg of niacin?

60mg

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True or False: Synthesis of niacin requires:

PIP (pyridozal phosphate)
Vit B2 or Riboflavin
Iron
Sodium

FALSE: does not need sodium

Synthesis of niacin requires:
PIP (pyridozal phosphate)
Vit B2 or Riboflavin
Iron

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Vit B3 coenzyme forms what? ``` PLP NAD+ NADP+ FAD FMN ```

Vit B3 or Niacin coenzyme forms: NAD (Niacin adenine dinucleotide) NADP+ (Niacin adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

This Vitamin function as an electron acceptor or H+ donors (redox rxns)

Niacin or Vit b3

___ require for poly-ADP-ribose polymerase rxns (which is part of the cellular DNA damage recognition system); regulates DNA replication , DNA repiar and cell cycle progression ``` PLP NAD+ NADP+ FAD FMN ```

NAD+

Niacin lowers LDL and TAG by direct noncompetitive inhibition of liver _____ required for TAG synthesis

DAG acyltransferase

DAG acyltransferase required for TAG synthesis leads to intracellular ______ degredation and inhibits/decrease ______ secretion

APO B | VLDL

Niacin increases HDL by its effect on what receptor? APO B APO A1 APO A2 APO B2

APO A1

Glossitis is from what vitamin deficiency? Riboflavin Niacin

both

Whaich is/are side effects of niacin therapy (>500mg) acute liver damage = inc liver enzyme Flushing of skin hyperuricemia sensory neuropathy 18

all except sensory neuropathy 18

What are dietary form of vit. b6

pyridoxine pyridoxamine pyridoxal

Excess (2-7g/day) of Vit B6 or pyridoxine leads to: acute liver damage = inc liver enzyme Flushing of skin hyperuricemia sensory neuropathy 18

sensory neuropathy 18

Vit B6 coenzyme forms: ``` PLP FAD FMN NAD NADPH ```

PLP - pyrodoxal phosphate

Pyridoxine converts homocysteine to ____

cysteine

One of the cofactors required for the conversion of tryptophan to NAD

PLP

Peripheral neuropathy is from what vit def?

Pyridoxine or Vit B6

Panthotenic acis or vit b5 is a main component of ___

coenzyme A

it is the phosphopantheine moiety of fatty acid synthase complex

panthotenic acid or vit b5

panthotenic acid or vit b5 is required for the metabolism of lipids,proteins and carbohydrates via ____ . and it is also required for what synthesis ?

CAC FA and cholesterol synthesis

Biotin covalently bound to e-amino group of lysine residue in: pyruvate (carboxylase or dehydrogenase? ) acetyl-coA (carboxylase or dehydrogenase? ) proionyl-coA (carboxylase or dehydrogenase? ) b-methycrotonyl (carboxylase or dehydrogenase? )

pyruvate carboxylase acetyl-coA carboxylase proionyl-coA carboxylase b-methycrotonyl carboxylase

biotin is synthesized by

intestinal bacteria

a-lipoic acid essential coenzyme that has a major role in energy generation via the CAC pyruvate dehydrogenase a- keto acid dehydrogenase a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

a- keto acid dehydrogenase

in cells, a-lipoic acid is reduced to this potent anti-oxidant

dihydrolipoic acid

____ increase the activity of adenylate kinase, PPAR-a, and PPAR-gamma by unknown mechanisms ``` pyrodoxine niacin a-lipoic acid biotin panthotenic acid ```

a-lipoic acid

Folic acid is made of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) bound to a corrin ring pterin rind glutamic acids

pterin rind | glutamic acids

Folic acid is stored in the liver as what? THF2 THF4 THF6

THF4 - tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate

Active form of folic acid

polyglutamate folic acid

polyglutamate folic acid is formed by reducing THF4 polyglutamate with this enzyme

dihydrofolate reductase

This PABA analog inhibits synthesis of folate

sulfanilamide

Cobalamin contains cobalt in the center of a corrin ring pterin rind glutamic acids

corrin ring

This results to Folate deficiency except for ``` MEgaloblastic anemia Increase risk of birth defect Hyperhomocysteinemia Colon and Cervix CA Homocysteinemia ```

Homocysteinemia - def of pyridoxine or vit b6

What derivative of Vit B12 required for methione synthase What derivative of Vit B12 required for methylmalonyl CoA mutase Methyl 5 deoxyadenosyl

- Methyl | - 5 deoxyadenosyl

What vitamin is involve in the reaction in metabolism of thymine

Cobalmin

Vit B12 def also causes neurologic problems by decrease expression of TNF-a and nerve growth factor increase expression of TNF-a and nerve growth factor decrease expression of EGF and IL-6 in CSF increase expression of EGF and IL-6 in CSF

increase expression of TNF-a and nerve growth factor | decrease expression of EGF and IL-6 in CSF

competitive inhibitor of malonyl CoA in FA synthesis binds to ___

BCFAs

Ascorbic Acid have how many carbon compounds closely related to glucose? ``` 2 4 6 8 12 ```

What type of reaction does the Ascorbic Acid becomes a reducing agent as its main biological role. carboxylation hydroxylation methylation phosphorylation

hydroxylation vit c functions as a reduction and hydroxylation reactions

Vit C acts as a cofactor for mixed-function oxidases that is required for the hydroxylation of this amino acids in protocollagen ``` Lysine Arginine Cysteine Methione Proline ```

Lysine and proline

Other than calcium, this vitamin helps in bone formation Ascorbic Acid Carnitine Choline

vitamin c

Ascorbic acid is a cofactor for ``` syntheis of aminolevulnic acid synthesis of carnitine synthesis of norepinephrine synthesis of sphingolipids synthesis of serotonin synthesis of GABA ```

synthesis of carnitine | synthesis of norepinephrine

Pyridoxal phosphate PLP is a cofactor for ``` syntheis of aminolevulnic acid synthesis of carnitine synthesis of norepinephrine synthesis of sphingolipids synthesis of serotonin synthesis of GABA ```

``` syntheis of aminolevulnic acid synthesis of norepinephrine synthesis of sphingolipids synthesis of serotonin synthesis of GABA ```

High concentration of this vitamin is required for hydroxylation reactions of some corticoids during stress Ascorbic Acid Carnitine Choline

vit c

As a non-enzymatic reducing agen, vit c enhances the utilzation of folic acid by - aiding in the conversion of folate to tetrahydrofolate - formation of polyglutamate derivatives for tetrahydrofolate

both

Severe s/sx of vit c deficiency

Scurvy

Scurvy is associated with ``` anemia osteoporosis hemorhaging increase wound healing decrease wound healing ```

anemia osteoporosis hemorhaging decrease wound healing

Smokers should consume how many mg/day of vit c instead of how many mg/day? And what is the upper limt mg/day of vit c that can cause diarrhea?

100 mg : 60 mg : 2000mg

The major metabolite of ascorbic acid

oxalate

Vitamin required for transport of FA across mitochondrial membrane? Ascorbic Acid Carnitine Choline

Carnitine

carnite acyltransferase uses carnitine to convert ____ to acetylcarnite

acetyl CoA

Food sources of carnitine

meat and milk

Acycarnitine is shuttled inside the mitochondria by a ``` carnitneacyltransferase I (CPT1) carnitneacyltransferase II (CPT2) carnitne-acylcarnitinetranslocase ```

carnitne-acylcarnitinetranslocase

Acylcarnitine is converted to acyl CoA by ___ at the inner mitochondrial membrane ``` carnitneacyltransferase I (CPT1) carnitneacyltransferase II (CPT2) carnitne-acylcarnitinetranslocase ```

carnitneacyltransferase II (CPT2)

Acyl CoA is a conjugate of ______ located at the outer mitochondrial membrame ``` carnitneacyltransferase I (CPT1) carnitneacyltransferase II (CPT2) carnitne-acylcarnitinetranslocase ```

carnitneacyltransferase I (CPT1)

This vitamins synthesis and relase an important neurotransmitter involded in memory storage adn motor control

Choline | acetylcholine

Precursor for synthesis of lecithin and sphingomyelin Ascorbic Acid Carnitine Choline

Choline note: lecithin - phosphatidylcholine

Choline is a precursoor for the formation of this methyl donor sphingomyelin betaine methyl methione

betaine

Choline and betaine supplements appear to _____ levels in human decrease homocysteine increase homocysteine

decrease homocysteine

Critical in fetal development Ascorbic Acid Carnitine Choline

Choline

Vitamin A anti-oxidant precursor synthesized by plants Vitamin D precursor synthesized by plants Vitamin D precursor synthesized by animals 7-dehydrocholesterol Carotenoids Ergosterol

Carotenoids - Vit A Ergosterol - Vit D 7-dehydrocholesterol - its precurssor is cholesterol

a glycosyl donor in synthesis of glycoprotein for normal growth regulation and mucolpolysaccharides for mucus secretion retinoic acid retinyl phosphate retinol

retinyl phosphate

a steroid hormone, binds to RARs and RXRs which then bind to DNA to modulate protein synthesis for regulation of cell growth and differentiation retinoic acid retinyl phosphate retinol

retinoic acid

a steroid hormone converted to retinyl phosphate retinoic acid retinyl phosphate retinol

retinol

Vitamin A active form except for: Retinol palmitate Retinal (retinaldehyde) Retinoic Acid Retinol

Retinol palmitate

Vitamin D most active form ``` Ergocalciferol Vitamin D2 Calcitriol Calidiol 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 1,25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol 25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol ```

Vit D active forms Ergocalciferol = Vitamin D2 Most avtice form is calcitriol = 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 = 1,25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol

Vitamin A storage form Retinol palmitate Retinal (retinaldehyde) Retinoic Acid Retinol

Retinol palmitate

Vitamin A deficiency ``` Drying of Epithelial tissue Fissure and impaired immune system Folliculkar hyperkeratosis Anemia Xerophthalmia ```

All Drying of Epithelial tissue - decrease mucus Fissure and impaired immune system - increase susceptibility of infection Follicular hyperkeratosis - rough skin Anemia Xerophthalmia - night blindedness

Dosage for vit a toxicity

20000-50000 g/day

Vitamin D storage form ``` Ergocalciferol Vitamin D2 Calcitriol Calidiol 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 1,25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol 25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol ```

Calidiol 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol

Is considered as a pro-hormone rather than vitamins Niacin / Vit B3 Vitamin D

Vitamin D - pro hormone , little or no dietary requirement Niacin can be synthesized by trypthophan hence it is considered non vitamins

Continued formation of osteoid matrix and cartilage that are improperly mineralized resulting in soft, pliable bones RICKETS OSTEOMALACIA

RICKETS

Demineralization of pre-existing bones, softer bones which are more susceptible to fracture

OSTEOMALACIA

Increases bone resorption and calcium absorption; may also lead to demineralization hypercalcemia hypercalciuria

hypercalcemia

Formation of renal stone hypercalcemia hypercalciuria

hypercalciuria

Vitamin E occurs in the diet as a mixture of several realated compunds called

tocopherols and totrienols

This vitamin acts as scavengers for free radicals

Vitamin E

Prevents oxidation of LDL a-tocopherol y-tocopherol

a-tocophero

most potent scavenger fo O2 species a-tocopherol y-tocopherol

a-tocophero

inactivates fat soluble electrophilic mutagens complementing gluthathione a-tocopherol y-tocopherol

y-tocopherol

For reactive nitrogen species a-tocopherol y-tocopherol

y-tocopherol

Respiratory role of Vitamin E is helps stabilize or help electron transfer to _________

Ubiquitone

Enzyme activity or transcription of vitamin E enhances heme synthesis by - decreasing both ALA synthase and dehydratase levels - increasing both ALA synthase and dehydrataase levels - decreasing ALA synthase and increasing dehydratase levels - increasing ALA synthase and decreasing dehydrataase levels

-increasing both ALA synthase and dehydrataase level

Prolonged Vit. E deficiency may be associated with this disease which is followed by neurological symtoms

malabsorption disease

y-carboxyglu residue in 3 CHON in bones taht acts as ligand for several receptor protein kinases and involved in cell cycle regulation Osteocalcin Gas6 matrix Gla Protein (MGP)

Gas6

y-carboxyglu residue in 3 CHON in bones that binds to hydroxyapatite crystals Osteocalcin Gas6 matrix Gla Protein (MGP)

Osteocalcin

y-carboxyglu residue in 3 CHON in bones that prevents vascular calcification Osteocalcin Gas6 matrix Gla Protein (MGP)

Gas6 | matrix Gla Protein (MGP)

The only readily detectible symptom for vit k deficiency

increase coagulation time

vit k deficiency occurs in newborn infants obstructive jaundice other disease leading to severe fat malabsorption other disease leading to severe protein malabsorption other disease leading to severe carbohydrate malabsorption patients on long term antibiotic therapy

all except for other disease leading to severe protein malabsorption other disease leading to severe carbohydrate malabsorption

Vit K is a derivative of what and is essential for blood clotting

quinone

Vit K is found naturally as K1 ( phytylmenaquinone) K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone) vitamin K- epoxide reductase dicumarol

K1 ( phytylmenaquinone) | K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone)

``` Regeneration of active vitamin k requires ______ K1 ( phytylmenaquinone) K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone) vitamin K- epoxide reductase dicumarol ```

vitamin K- epoxide reductase

Regeneration of active vitamin k is inhibited by ______ K1 ( phytylmenaquinone) K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone) vitamin K- epoxide reductase dicumarol

dicumarol

Accumulates in the liver where the clotting factors are formed K1 ( phytylmenaquinone) K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone) vitamin K- epoxide reductase dicumarol

K1 ( phytylmenaquinone)

Accumulates in the peripheral tissues and higher vitamin intake is required for saturation K1 ( phytylmenaquinone) K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone) vitamin K- epoxide reductase dicumarol

K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone)

Most abundant mineral in the body ``` Selenium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Chromium ```

Calcium

Prevents formation of Ca++ oxalate stones ``` Selenium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Chromium ```

Magnesium

Deficiency of this mineral leads to muscle cramps, osteoporosis, and increase blood pressure ``` Selenium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Chromium ```

Calcium

Deficiency of this mineral leads to weakness, tremors, and cardiac arrhythmias ``` Selenium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Chromium ```

Magnesium

Deficiency of this mineral leads to microcytic hypochromamic anemia ``` Selenium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Chromium ```

Iron

Deficiency of this mineral leads to poor growth and impairment of sexual development, poor wound healing, decrease taste acuity and impaired immune function ``` Selenium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Chromium ```

Zinc

Symptoms for the deficiency of this mineral are anemia, hypercholesterolenemia, bone demineralization and fragility of large arteries and elastin formation ``` Selenium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Chromium ```

Copper

This mineral decrease risk of lung , breast and bladder CA ``` Selenium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Chromium ```

Selenium

Deficiency of this mineral is rare in adults, may lead to impaired GIT and can be cause by diabetes ``` Selenium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Copper Chromium ```

Chromium

Free Iron generates dangerous free radicals through the ___

Fenton reaction

Regulation od Iron homeostasis inc Fe -> inc hepcidin decrease hepcidin down-regulation of ferroportin -> inc Fe dec Fe

inc hepcidin dec Fe

Helps in iron absoprtion Vitamin C Antiacids H2 histamine blockers

Vitamin C

Decrease iron absorption Vitamin C Antiacids H2 histamine blockers

Antiacids | H2 histamine blockers

When Zinc binds to MRE , What transcription factor?

MTF1

Zinc is present in ___ for normal development of taste buds

gustin

Zinc function for cytokine production by these cells lymphocytes monocytes T-cells B-Cells

monocytes and T-cells