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Biochem 4LE HM > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q 
Which are coenzymes used for energy generation except for:
Thiamine 
Riboflavin
Biotin
Folic Acid
Choline
Panthothenic acid
Niacin
pyridoxine
A 
Energy Generation
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pyridoxine
Panthothenic acid
biotin

Choline is classify as other water vitamins together with ascorbic acid and carnitine

Folic acid is for hematopesis

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2
Q

Thiamine or Vit B12 coenzyme forms:

A

TPP (Thiamine Pyrophosphate)

TDP (Thiamine Diphosphate

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3
Q

inflamation of tongue

A

glossitis

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4
Q

inflamation of corners of mouth

A

cheilitis

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5
Q

Which vitamins are use for hematopoesis

  • Biotin
  • Choline
  • Cobalamine
  • Folic Acid
A

Folic acid and cobalamine

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6
Q

These are other water vitamins except for

  • Thiamine
  • Ascorbic acid
  • Carnitine
  • Pyridoxine
  • Choline
A

Thiamine and pyridoxine is used for energy generation

Other water vitamins
Ascorbic acid
Carnitine
Choline

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7
Q

TPP is a coenzyme for all except

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
alpha-ketogluterate Dehydrogenanse
Tranketolase
Transaldolase
Pyruvate carboxylase
A

All except for Pyruvate carboxylase

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8
Q

Localized in peripheral nerve membranes and functions in the transmission of nerve impulses

A

Thiamin Triphosphate

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9
Q

Effects of thiamine or vit b12 deficiency, no pyruvate DH activity leads to:

inc pyruvate and lactate
dec pyruvate and lactate
inc puruvate and dec lactate
dec pyruvate adn inc lactate
no change in pyruvate adn lactate
A

inc pyruvate and lactate

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10
Q

Effects of thiamine or vit b12 deficiency, no alpha-ketogluterate Dehydrogenanse activity leads to:

decrease oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids

increase oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids

no change oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids

A

decrease oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids

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11
Q

Severe thiamine deficiency:

anorexia
ataxia
opthalmoplegia
beri-beri

A

beri-beri - severe

anorexia- mild

moderate
ataxia
opthalmoplegia

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12
Q

Type of beri-beri that have advance neuromuscular symtoms such as muscle atrophy, weakness and high CO failure

A

DRY

WET - same symptoms as dry plus EDEMA

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13
Q

At risk groups for thiamine deficiency:

Elderly
children
chronic alcoholics
excessive coffee and tea drinkers
restricted diet such as strict polished  rich diet
A

all except children

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14
Q

Diagnosis of thiamine deficiency is the use of?

A

RBC tanskelotase assay

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15
Q

Vit B2 coenzyme forms:

PLP
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
FMN
A

Vit B2 or Riboflavin coenzyme forms

FAD Flavin adeline dinucleotide
FMH - Flavin mononucleotide

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16
Q

Precursor for FAD and FMN

A

Riboflavin

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17
Q

Signs and symtoms for riboflavin deficiency except

Angular cheilitis
Glossitis
Scaly dermatitis
Atraxia

A

Atraxia

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18
Q

Riboflavin partakes in the mobilization of ____

A

iron

low iron -> anemia

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19
Q

_____ is when there is slow conversion of riboflavin to FAD and FMN

A

Hyperthyroidsim

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20
Q

Niacin or Vit B3 is obtained from diet as what?

NAD
NA
NADPH
NAm

A 
Nicotinic acid (NA)
Nicotinamide (NAm)
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21
Q

Niacin can by synthesize from what amino acid?

A

Tryptophan

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22
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Niacin or Vit B3 can be argued as non-vitamin because vitamins cannot be synthesized from the body. Why?

A

TRUE because Niacin can be synthesize by tryptophan

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23
Q

how much mg of tryptophan need to convert 1 mg of niacin?

A

60mg

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24
Q

True or False: Synthesis of niacin requires:

PIP (pyridozal phosphate)
Vit B2 or Riboflavin
Iron
Sodium

A

FALSE: does not need sodium

Synthesis of niacin requires:
PIP (pyridozal phosphate)
Vit B2 or Riboflavin
Iron

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25
Q

Vit B3 coenzyme forms what?

PLP
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
FMN
A

Vit B3 or Niacin coenzyme forms:

NAD (Niacin adenine dinucleotide)
NADP+ (Niacin adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

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26
Q

This Vitamin function as an electron acceptor or H+ donors (redox rxns)

A

Niacin or Vit b3

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27
Q

___ require for poly-ADP-ribose polymerase rxns (which is part of the cellular DNA damage recognition system); regulates DNA replication , DNA repiar and cell cycle progression

PLP
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
FMN
A

NAD+

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28
Q

Niacin lowers LDL and TAG by direct noncompetitive inhibition of liver _____ required for TAG synthesis

A

DAG acyltransferase

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29
Q

DAG acyltransferase required for TAG synthesis leads to intracellular ______ degredation and inhibits/decrease ______ secretion

A

APO B

VLDL

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30
Q

Niacin increases HDL by its effect on what receptor?

APO B
APO A1
APO A2
APO B2

A

APO A1

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31
Q

Glossitis is from what vitamin deficiency?

Riboflavin
Niacin

A

both

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32
Q

Whaich is/are side effects of niacin therapy (>500mg)

acute liver damage = inc liver enzyme
Flushing of skin
hyperuricemia
sensory neuropathy 18

A

all except sensory neuropathy 18

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33
Q

What are dietary form of vit. b6

A

pyridoxine
pyridoxamine
pyridoxal

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34
Q

Excess (2-7g/day) of Vit B6 or pyridoxine leads to:

acute liver damage = inc liver enzyme
Flushing of skin
hyperuricemia
sensory neuropathy 18

A

sensory neuropathy 18

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35
Q

Vit B6 coenzyme forms:

PLP
FAD
FMN
NAD
NADPH
A

PLP - pyrodoxal phosphate

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36
Q

Pyridoxine converts homocysteine to ____

A

cysteine

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37
Q

One of the cofactors required for the conversion of tryptophan to NAD

A

PLP

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38
Q

Peripheral neuropathy is from what vit def?

A

Pyridoxine or Vit B6

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39
Q

Panthotenic acis or vit b5 is a main component of ___

A

coenzyme A

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40
Q

it is the phosphopantheine moiety of fatty acid synthase complex

A

panthotenic acid or vit b5

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41
Q

panthotenic acid or vit b5 is required for the metabolism of lipids,proteins and carbohydrates via ____ . and it is also required for what synthesis ?

A

CAC

FA and cholesterol synthesis

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42
Q

Biotin covalently bound to e-amino group of lysine residue in:

pyruvate (carboxylase or dehydrogenase? )
acetyl-coA (carboxylase or dehydrogenase? )
proionyl-coA (carboxylase or dehydrogenase? )
b-methycrotonyl (carboxylase or dehydrogenase? )

A

pyruvate carboxylase
acetyl-coA carboxylase
proionyl-coA carboxylase
b-methycrotonyl carboxylase

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43
Q

biotin is synthesized by

A

intestinal bacteria

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44
Q

a-lipoic acid essential coenzyme that has a major role in energy generation via the CAC

pyruvate dehydrogenase
a- keto acid dehydrogenase
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

a- keto acid dehydrogenase

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45
Q

in cells, a-lipoic acid is reduced to this potent anti-oxidant

A

dihydrolipoic acid

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46
Q

____ increase the activity of adenylate kinase, PPAR-a, and PPAR-gamma by unknown mechanisms

pyrodoxine
niacin
a-lipoic acid
biotin
panthotenic acid
A

a-lipoic acid

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47
Q

Folic acid is made of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) bound to a

corrin ring
pterin rind
glutamic acids

A

pterin rind

glutamic acids

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48
Q

Folic acid is stored in the liver as what?

THF2
THF4
THF6

A

THF4 - tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate

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49
Q

Active form of folic acid

A

polyglutamate folic acid

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50
Q

polyglutamate folic acid is formed by reducing THF4 polyglutamate with this enzyme

A

dihydrofolate reductase

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51
Q

This PABA analog inhibits synthesis of folate

A

sulfanilamide

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52
Q

Cobalamin contains cobalt in the center of a

corrin ring
pterin rind
glutamic acids

A

corrin ring

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53
Q

This results to Folate deficiency except for

MEgaloblastic anemia
Increase risk of birth defect
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Colon and Cervix CA
Homocysteinemia
A

Homocysteinemia - def of pyridoxine or vit b6

54
Q

What derivative of Vit B12 required for methione synthase

What derivative of Vit B12 required for methylmalonyl CoA mutase

Methyl
5 deoxyadenosyl

A
  • Methyl

- 5 deoxyadenosyl

55
Q

What vitamin is involve in the reaction in metabolism of thymine

56
Q

Vit B12 def also causes neurologic problems by

decrease expression of TNF-a and nerve growth factor
increase expression of TNF-a and nerve growth factor
decrease expression of EGF and IL-6 in CSF
increase expression of EGF and IL-6 in CSF

A

increase expression of TNF-a and nerve growth factor

decrease expression of EGF and IL-6 in CSF

57
Q

competitive inhibitor of malonyl CoA in FA synthesis binds to ___

58
Q

Ascorbic Acid have how many carbon compounds closely related to glucose?

2
4
6
8
12
59
Q

What type of reaction does the Ascorbic Acid becomes a reducing agent as its main biological role.

carboxylation
hydroxylation
methylation
phosphorylation

A

hydroxylation

vit c functions as a reduction and hydroxylation reactions

60
Q

Vit C acts as a cofactor for mixed-function oxidases that is required for the hydroxylation of this amino acids in protocollagen

Lysine
Arginine
Cysteine
Methione
Proline
A

Lysine and proline

61
Q

Other than calcium, this vitamin helps in bone formation

Ascorbic Acid
Carnitine
Choline

62
Q

Ascorbic acid is a cofactor for

syntheis of aminolevulnic acid
synthesis of carnitine
synthesis of norepinephrine
synthesis of sphingolipids
synthesis of serotonin
synthesis of GABA
A

synthesis of carnitine

synthesis of norepinephrine

63
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate PLP is a cofactor for

syntheis of aminolevulnic acid
synthesis of carnitine
synthesis of norepinephrine
synthesis of sphingolipids
synthesis of serotonin
synthesis of GABA
A 
syntheis of aminolevulnic acid
synthesis of norepinephrine
synthesis of sphingolipids
synthesis of serotonin
synthesis of GABA
64
Q

High concentration of this vitamin is required for hydroxylation reactions of some corticoids during stress

Ascorbic Acid
Carnitine
Choline

65
Q

As a non-enzymatic reducing agen, vit c enhances the utilzation of folic acid by

  • aiding in the conversion of folate to tetrahydrofolate
  • formation of polyglutamate derivatives for tetrahydrofolate
66
Q

Severe s/sx of vit c deficiency

67
Q

Scurvy is associated with

anemia
osteoporosis
hemorhaging
increase wound healing
decrease wound healing
A

anemia
osteoporosis
hemorhaging
decrease wound healing

68
Q

Smokers should consume how many mg/day of vit c instead of how many mg/day? And what is the upper limt mg/day of vit c that can cause diarrhea?

A

100 mg : 60 mg : 2000mg

69
Q

The major metabolite of ascorbic acid

70
Q

Vitamin required for transport of FA across mitochondrial membrane?

Ascorbic Acid
Carnitine
Choline

71
Q

carnite acyltransferase uses carnitine to convert ____ to acetylcarnite

A

acetyl CoA

72
Q

Food sources of carnitine

A

meat and milk

73
Q

Acycarnitine is shuttled inside the mitochondria by a

carnitneacyltransferase I (CPT1)
carnitneacyltransferase II (CPT2)
carnitne-acylcarnitinetranslocase
A

carnitne-acylcarnitinetranslocase

74
Q

Acylcarnitine is converted to acyl CoA by ___ at the inner mitochondrial membrane

carnitneacyltransferase I (CPT1)
carnitneacyltransferase II (CPT2)
carnitne-acylcarnitinetranslocase
A

carnitneacyltransferase II (CPT2)

75
Q

Acyl CoA is a conjugate of ______ located at the outer mitochondrial membrame

carnitneacyltransferase I (CPT1)
carnitneacyltransferase II (CPT2)
carnitne-acylcarnitinetranslocase
A

carnitneacyltransferase I (CPT1)

76
Q

This vitamins synthesis and relase an important neurotransmitter involded in memory storage adn motor control

A

Choline

acetylcholine

77
Q

Precursor for synthesis of lecithin and sphingomyelin

Ascorbic Acid
Carnitine
Choline

A

Choline

note:
lecithin - phosphatidylcholine

78
Q

Choline is a precursoor for the formation of this methyl donor

sphingomyelin
betaine
methyl
methione

79
Q

Choline and betaine supplements appear to _____ levels in human

decrease homocysteine
increase homocysteine

A

decrease homocysteine

80
Q

Critical in fetal development

Ascorbic Acid
Carnitine
Choline

81
Q

Vitamin A anti-oxidant precursor synthesized by plants
Vitamin D precursor synthesized by plants
Vitamin D precursor synthesized by animals

7-dehydrocholesterol
Carotenoids
Ergosterol

A

Carotenoids - Vit A
Ergosterol - Vit D
7-dehydrocholesterol - its precurssor is cholesterol

82
Q

a glycosyl donor in synthesis of glycoprotein for normal growth regulation and mucolpolysaccharides for mucus secretion

retinoic acid
retinyl phosphate
retinol

A

retinyl phosphate

83
Q

a steroid hormone, binds to RARs and RXRs which then bind to DNA to modulate protein synthesis for regulation of cell growth and differentiation

retinoic acid
retinyl phosphate
retinol

A

retinoic acid

84
Q

a steroid hormone converted to retinyl phosphate
retinoic acid
retinyl phosphate
retinol

85
Q

Vitamin A active form except for:

Retinol palmitate
Retinal (retinaldehyde)
Retinoic Acid
Retinol

A

Retinol palmitate

86
Q

Vitamin D most active form

Ergocalciferol
Vitamin D2
Calcitriol
Calidiol
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
1,25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol
25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol
A

Vit D active forms

Ergocalciferol = Vitamin D2

Most avtice form is
calcitriol = 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 = 1,25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol

87
Q

Vitamin A storage form

Retinol palmitate
Retinal (retinaldehyde)
Retinoic Acid
Retinol

A

Retinol palmitate

88
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

Drying of Epithelial tissue
Fissure and impaired immune system
Folliculkar hyperkeratosis
Anemia
Xerophthalmia
A

All

Drying of Epithelial tissue - decrease mucus
Fissure and impaired immune system - increase susceptibility of infection
Follicular hyperkeratosis - rough skin
Anemia
Xerophthalmia - night blindedness

89
Q

Dosage for vit a toxicity

A

20000-50000 g/day

90
Q

Vitamin D storage form

Ergocalciferol
Vitamin D2
Calcitriol
Calidiol
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
1,25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol
25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol
A

Calidiol
25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
25-dihydroxyxholecaliferol

91
Q

Is considered as a pro-hormone rather than vitamins

Niacin / Vit B3
Vitamin D

A

Vitamin D - pro hormone , little or no dietary requirement

Niacin can be synthesized by trypthophan hence it is considered non vitamins

92
Q

Continued formation of osteoid matrix and cartilage that are improperly mineralized resulting in soft, pliable bones

RICKETS
OSTEOMALACIA

93
Q

Demineralization of pre-existing bones, softer bones which are more susceptible to fracture

A

OSTEOMALACIA

94
Q

Increases bone resorption and calcium absorption; may also lead to demineralization

hypercalcemia
hypercalciuria

A

hypercalcemia

95
Q

Formation of renal stone

hypercalcemia
hypercalciuria

A

hypercalciuria

96
Q

Vitamin E occurs in the diet as a mixture of several realated compunds called

A

tocopherols and totrienols

97
Q

This vitamin acts as scavengers for free radicals

98
Q

Prevents oxidation of LDL

a-tocopherol
y-tocopherol

A

a-tocophero

99
Q

most potent scavenger fo O2 species

a-tocopherol
y-tocopherol

A

a-tocophero

100
Q

inactivates fat soluble electrophilic mutagens complementing gluthathione

a-tocopherol
y-tocopherol

A

y-tocopherol

101
Q

For reactive nitrogen species

a-tocopherol
y-tocopherol

A

y-tocopherol

102
Q

Respiratory role of Vitamin E is helps stabilize or help electron transfer to _________

A

Ubiquitone

103
Q

Enzyme activity or transcription of vitamin E enhances heme synthesis by

  • decreasing both ALA synthase and dehydratase levels
  • increasing both ALA synthase and dehydrataase levels
  • decreasing ALA synthase and increasing dehydratase levels
  • increasing ALA synthase and decreasing dehydrataase levels
A

-increasing both ALA synthase and dehydrataase level

104
Q

Prolonged Vit. E deficiency may be associated with this disease which is followed by neurological symtoms

A

malabsorption disease

105
Q

y-carboxyglu residue in 3 CHON in bones taht acts as ligand for several receptor protein kinases and involved in cell cycle regulation

Osteocalcin
Gas6
matrix Gla Protein (MGP)

106
Q

y-carboxyglu residue in 3 CHON in bones that binds to hydroxyapatite crystals

Osteocalcin
Gas6
matrix Gla Protein (MGP)

A

Osteocalcin

107
Q

y-carboxyglu residue in 3 CHON in bones that prevents vascular calcification

Osteocalcin
Gas6
matrix Gla Protein (MGP)

A

Gas6

matrix Gla Protein (MGP)

108
Q

The only readily detectible symptom for vit k deficiency

A

increase coagulation time

109
Q

vit k deficiency occurs in

newborn infants
obstructive jaundice
other disease leading to severe fat malabsorption
other disease leading to severe protein malabsorption
other disease leading to severe carbohydrate malabsorption
patients on long term antibiotic therapy

A

all except for

other disease leading to severe protein malabsorption
other disease leading to severe carbohydrate malabsorption

110
Q

Vit K is a derivative of what and is essential for blood clotting

111
Q

Vit K is found naturally as

K1 ( phytylmenaquinone)
K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone)
vitamin K- epoxide reductase
dicumarol

A

K1 ( phytylmenaquinone)

K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone)

112
Q 
Regeneration of active vitamin k requires \_\_\_\_\_\_ 
K1 ( phytylmenaquinone)
K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone)
vitamin K- epoxide reductase
dicumarol
A

vitamin K- epoxide reductase

113
Q

Regeneration of active vitamin k is inhibited by ______

K1 ( phytylmenaquinone)
K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone)
vitamin K- epoxide reductase
dicumarol

114
Q

Accumulates in the liver where the clotting factors are formed

K1 ( phytylmenaquinone)
K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone)
vitamin K- epoxide reductase
dicumarol

A

K1 ( phytylmenaquinone)

115
Q

Accumulates in the peripheral tissues and higher vitamin intake is required for saturation

K1 ( phytylmenaquinone)
K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone)
vitamin K- epoxide reductase
dicumarol

A

K2 (multiprenylmenaquinone)

116
Q

Most abundant mineral in the body

Selenium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
117
Q

Prevents formation of Ca++ oxalate stones

Selenium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
118
Q

Deficiency of this mineral leads to muscle cramps, osteoporosis, and increase blood pressure

Selenium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
119
Q

Deficiency of this mineral leads to weakness, tremors, and cardiac arrhythmias

Selenium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
120
Q

Deficiency of this mineral leads to microcytic hypochromamic anemia

Selenium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
121
Q

Deficiency of this mineral leads to poor growth and impairment of sexual development, poor wound healing, decrease taste acuity and impaired immune function

Selenium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
122
Q

Symptoms for the deficiency of this mineral are anemia, hypercholesterolenemia, bone demineralization and fragility of large arteries and elastin formation

Selenium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
123
Q

This mineral decrease risk of lung , breast and bladder CA

Selenium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
124
Q

Deficiency of this mineral is rare in adults, may lead to impaired GIT and can be cause by diabetes

Selenium
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
125
Q

Free Iron generates dangerous free radicals through the ___

A

Fenton reaction

126
Q

Regulation od Iron homeostasis

inc Fe ->

inc hepcidin
decrease hepcidin

down-regulation of ferroportin ->
inc Fe
dec Fe

A

inc hepcidin

dec Fe

127
Q

Helps in iron absoprtion

Vitamin C
Antiacids
H2 histamine blockers

128
Q

Decrease iron absorption

Vitamin C
Antiacids
H2 histamine blockers

A

Antiacids

H2 histamine blockers

129
Q

When Zinc binds to MRE , What transcription factor?

130
Q

Zinc is present in ___ for normal development of taste buds

131
Q

Zinc function for cytokine production by these cells

lymphocytes
monocytes
T-cells
B-Cells

A

monocytes and T-cells

Biochem 4LE HM (3 decks)

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