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Z MD1 metabolism block > vitamins and minerals > Flashcards

vitamins and minerals Flashcards

0
Q

proper name for vitamin B1

A

thiamin

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1
Q

what are the soluble vitamins

A

B1, B2, B3, B6, pantothenic acid, biotin, folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin C

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2
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K

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3
Q

what is the technical definition of a vitamin

A

organic compounds with essential biochemical functions that are not made by the body

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4
Q

RDI of folate

A

400micrograms a day

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5
Q

biological role of B1 (thiamin)

A
  • coenzyme in pyruvate decarboxylase (for carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism)
    (links aerobic metabolism of sugars)
  • nerve function
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6
Q

deficiency of vitamin B1 leads to

A
  • beriberi syndrome
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7
Q

how can you get B1 deficiency

A
  • chronic alcoholism (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)
  • rapid depletion in starvation
  • dont eat enough food with B1
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8
Q

clinical features of beriberi

A
  • extreme weakness
  • anaemia
  • paralysis
  • wasting
  • pitting oedema when serum albumin
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9
Q

proper name for vitamin B2

A

riboflavin

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10
Q

biological role of B2

A
  • electron carried (FMN, FAD in TCA cycle) - carbohydrate and fat metabolism
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11
Q

what sign do you see with vitamin B2 deficiency

A

markedly swollen and oedematous tongue with a light magenta colour

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12
Q

proper name for vitamin B3

A

niacin (nicotinamide)

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13
Q

biological role of B3

A
  • coenzyme
  • electron carrier (NADH and NADPH)
    (carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism)
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14
Q

deficiency in B3 leads to

A

pellagra

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15
Q

proper name for vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine

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16
Q

biological role of vitamin B6

A

amino acid metabolism

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17
Q

biological role of biotin

A

adding CO2 for glucose, fat and amino acid biosynthesis

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18
Q

clinical signs of a biotin deficiency

A

skin of the hands is shiny, dry and scaly

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19
Q

why does eating a large amount of raw eggs lead to biotin deficiency

A

because raw eggs contain a lot of avidin which antagonizes the action of biodin

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20
Q

biological role of folate

A

one carbon metabolism (DNA, amino acids, fat)

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21
Q

food sources of folate

A

green vegetables
liver
fortified cereals

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22
Q

what kind of anaemia does folate deficiency lead to

A

macrocytic anaemia

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23
Q

in what subset of people is folate deficiency common in

A
  • elderly

- chronic alcoholics

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24
Q

what is the major sign of folate deficiency

A

glossitis

- tongue becomes very painful and red, and the papillae atrophy –> shiny smooth surface

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25
Q

biological role of vitamin B12

A
  • coenzyme containing cobalt
  • folate metaboilsm
  • transalklations (only required in nerves and blood)
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26
Q

food sources of B12

A

meat, egg yolks and cheese

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27
Q

clinical sign of vitamin B12 deficiency

A

pernicious anaemia with premature grey hair and light-colour irises

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28
Q

proper name for vitamin B12

A

cobalamin

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29
Q

what are the common reasons for B12 deficiency

A
  • vegans

- intrinsic factor autoantibodies or parietal cell autoantibodies(needed for absorption of vitamin B12)

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30
Q

proper name for vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid

31
Q

biological role of vitamin C

A
  • cofactor in collagen synthesis
  • neurotransmitter metabolism
  • iron absorption
  • antioxidant
32
Q

biological function of vitamin A

A

made into retinol –> important for:

  • night vision
  • epithelium growth (healthy skin and eyes)
33
Q

biological role of vitamin D

A

important in calcium regulation and bone development

34
Q

result of vitamin D deficiency

A
  • rickets in children

- osteomalacia

35
Q

biological role of vitamin E

A

antioxidant - intercepts free radicals

signal molecule linked to inflammation and cell division

36
Q

biological role of vitamin K

A

important in blood clotting

37
Q

sources of vitamin K

A

intestinal flora make it for us

38
Q

what are the major body minerals

A

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sulphate

39
Q

what are the trace minerals of the body

A

iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium and molybdenum

40
Q

calcium deficiency leads to

A
  • rickets in children
  • poor blood clotting
  • osteoporosis
41
Q

excess calcium leads to

A
  • impaired kidney function –> kidney stones
  • malabsorption of other minerals
  • constipation
42
Q

what are the three things that control Ca levels

A

parathyroid hormone
vitamin D
calcitonin

43
Q

what causes malignant hyperthermia

A

when muscle releases excess calcium and muscle becomes uncontrolled ATPase –> contraction –> heat and hypertension

44
Q

inheritance of malignant hyperthermia

A

autosomal dominant

45
Q

what is the drug that you give to someone with malignant hypertension

A

dantrolene - stops the Ca from coupling to the contraction cycle

46
Q

chief functions of calcium

A
  • mineralisation of bone and teeth
  • muscle contraction and relaxation
  • nerve functioning
  • blood clotting
  • blood pressure
47
Q

symptoms of hypophosphatemia

A
  • muscle and neurological dysfunction

- blood cell fragility due to lack of ATP

48
Q

symptoms of hyperphosphataemia

A
  • diarrhoea
  • calcification of organs and soft tissue - can interfere with the body’s ability to use iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc
49
Q

chief functions of phosphorus

A
  • mineralisation of bone
  • part of every cell (as phospholipids of cell membrane)
  • important in genetic material (component of DNA, RNA and ATP)
  • used in energy transfer
  • used in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance
50
Q

main functions of potassium in the body

A
  • maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
  • facilitates many reactions
  • supports cell integrity
  • assists in nerve cell impulse transmission
  • assists in muscle contraction
51
Q

symptoms of potassium deficiency

A
  • irregular heartbeat
  • muscular weakness
  • glucose intolerance
52
Q

symptoms of potassium excess

A
  • muscular weakness
  • vomiting
  • can stop the heart (if given in a vein)
53
Q

source of sulphur

A

make it from methionine and cysteine (amino acids)

54
Q

chief functions of sodium in the body

A
  • maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
  • assists in nerve impulse transmission
  • assists in muscle contraction
55
Q

symptoms of Na deficiency

A

muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite

56
Q

symptoms of sodium excess

A
  • oedema

- acute hypertension

57
Q

chief functions of chloride in the body

A
  • maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
  • part of HCl in stomach
  • necessary for proper digestion
58
Q

symptoms of chloride excess

A

vomiting

59
Q

main functions of magnesium

A
  • bone mineralisation
  • building of protein
  • enzyme action
  • normal muscle contraction
  • nerve impulse transmission
  • maintenance of teeth
  • functioning of immune system
60
Q

symptoms of magnesium deficiency

A
  • weakness

- confusion

61
Q

what is haemachromatosis

A

excess of iron - causes bronze skin, hepatic cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus

62
Q

how does vitamin C increase the absorption of iron in the gut

A

it acts as a reducing agent (turning the Fe3+ to Fe2+ so it can be absorbed - needs to be 2+ for absorption)

63
Q

functions of zinc in the body

A
  • part of many enzymes
  • associated with insulin
  • involved in making genetic material and proteins
  • immune reactions
  • transport of vitamin A
  • taste perception
  • wound healing
  • making of sperm
  • normal development of the foetus
64
Q

symptoms of zinc deficiency

A
  • growth retardation
  • delayed sexual maturation
  • impaired immune function
  • hair loss
  • eye and skin lesions
  • loss of appetite
65
Q

main functions of copper

A
  • necessary for the absorption and use of iron in the formation of Hb
  • part of several enzymes such as the final electron carrier in oxidative phosphorylation
66
Q

symptoms of copper deficiency

A
  • anaemia
  • bone abnormalities
  • thin, sparse, copper wire like hear
67
Q

what are menke’s and Wilson’s disease

A 
menke's = X linked disorder causing a severe copper deficiency
wilson's = genetic disease that leads to high serum copper and copper toxicity
68
Q

function of manganese

A
  • cofactor for several enzymes
  • bone formation
  • part of the glycogenin molecule (necessary for glucose storage)

(splits oxygen from water to initiate photosynthesis in plants)

69
Q

chief functions of selenium

A
  • defends against oxidation

- regulates thyroid hormone

70
Q

selenium deficiency leads to

A

predisposition to heart disease characterised by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)

71
Q

selenium toxicity symptoms

A
  • loss and brittleness of hair and nails
  • skin rash
  • fatigue
  • irritability
  • garlic breath odour
72
Q

main functions of chromium

A
  • enhances insulin action

- may improve glucose tolerance

73
Q

function of molybdenum

A

cofactor for several enyzmes

74
Q

main function of cobalt

A

part of vitamin B12

75
Q

function of fluoride

A
  • maintains health of bones and teeth

- helps to make teeth resistant to decay

Z MD1 metabolism block (9 decks)

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