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Z MD1 metabolism block > glucose and carbohydrate > Flashcards

glucose and carbohydrate Flashcards

0
Q

how much energy is released from one NADH

A

220 kJ/mol

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1
Q

what is the amount of energy released from one ATP

A

30.5 kJ/mol

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2
Q

how many ATP is produced through the anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of 1 glucose

A

anaerobic - 2 ATP

aerobic - 32 ATP

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3
Q

what kind of sugars are glucose, galactose and fructose

A

glucose and galactose - aldose

fructose - ketose

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4
Q

which GLUT transporter is in muscle and adipose tissue

A

GLUT4

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5
Q

which GLUT transporter is in the liver and pancreas

A

GLUT 2

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6
Q

which GLUT transporter is universal for all cells of the body

A

GLUT 1

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7
Q

what substrates are used for gluconeogenesis

A

glycerol or amino acids (NEVER FROM FATS)

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8
Q

which ion is bound to free ATP

A

Mg

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9
Q

how does hyperglycaemia cause blindness and gangrene

A

covalent reaction of free glucose in the blood with amines of the blood vessel walls –> brittle –> prone to clots –> blindness or gangrene

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10
Q

fasting level of glucose

A

4-5mM

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11
Q

what is the blood test to test for uncontrolled diabetes other than fasting glucose

A

Hb A1C

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12
Q

in which places of the body is anaerobic metabolism essential

A

in RBCs, lens and retina (lack mitochondria)

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13
Q

equation for glycolysis

A

glucose +2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi –>

2pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H20

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14
Q

why is it that anaerobes need to consume more glucose that aerobes

A

because aerobes get 32ATP per molecule, while anaerobes only get 2

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15
Q

function of hexokinase in glycolysis

A

combines glucose and ATP –> glucose 6-P

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16
Q

function of phosphohexose isomerase in glycolysis

A

conversion between glucose6-P and fructose 6-P

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17
Q

what is the function of phosphofructokinase-1 in glycolysis

A

converts fructose 6-P to fructose 1,6bisP

then commited to make pyruvate

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18
Q

what is the feedback mechanism for glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase is only active when cells have low ATP

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19
Q

which substrate can be used for short bursts of anaerobic metabolism

A

creatine

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20
Q

how much glucose does the brain need per day

A

120g

21
Q

what is galactosaemia

A

enzyme defect so the body cannot metabolise galactose

22
Q

what is fructose

A

the ketose form of glucose

23
Q

what is bad about fructose

A
  • does not elicit insulin release from the pancreas
  • fails to increase the production of leptin from fat cells
  • does not appear to suppress the production of ghrelin
  • is broken down mostly into the backbone of triacyglycerols
24
Q

which sugar can FAs be metabolised to

A

fructose (not glucose)

25
Q

what are the physical signs that humans are omnivores

A

dentition - incisors and canines for tearing, and molars for chewing plants
gut structures - short - for meat and plant digestion

26
Q

why are low Gycaemic index diets recommended

A

because it avoids the high peak glucose levels that can lead to insulin resistance

27
Q

what happens to the extra glucose that we dont need for glycogen synthesis in the fed state

A

The NADPH drives cholesterol synthesis and fat synthesis

  • cholesterol synthesis through oxidation via pentose phosphate pathway
  • fat synthesis via oxidation via glucolysis –> pyruvate –> fat
28
Q

is alpha or beta isomers of glucose present in the body

A

alpha

beta in plants - eg cellulose

29
Q

which GLUT receptor is in muscle

A

GLUT 4

30
Q

why is that muscles dont “share” their glucose stored as glycogen

A

because they dont have glucose-6-phosphatase to release free glucose into the blood

31
Q

in what form do muscles use their stored glycogen and how is it made

A

glucose-1-P

broken down by glycogen phosphase

32
Q

what is the process called when the liver breaks down its glycogen and releases glucose into the blood

A

gluconeogenesis

33
Q

what kind of receptor is the insulin receptor

A

tyrosine kinase

34
Q

why do elite athletes benefit from carbo loading

A

it maximises the glycogen load in the muscles prior to exercise so they can use this during exercise and not rely on other substrates for a longer period

35
Q

how is glycogen formed (from what precursor)

A

glucose-6-phosphate crosslinked between Cs 6 and 1

36
Q

what is the noticable sign that your muscles have switched from using glycogen to fatty acids

A

you “hit the wall”

37
Q

explain the chemical and osmotic properties of glycogen

A 
chemically inert (due to ester linkages)
osmotically equivalent to 1 glucose molecule
38
Q

what causes Pompes disease

A

lack of alpha-1,4-glucosidase

causes accumulation of glycogen in the lysosomes (as this enzyme isnt there to break it down

39
Q

when is glycogen broken down

A
  • in the fasting state

- in response to adrenaline (exercise

40
Q

how does adrenaline cause glycogen breakdown in the muscle

A

activation of a cyclase –> cAMP –> cascade –> 1000s of molecules of glucose-1-P –> glucose for muscle

41
Q

effect on blood sugar of free sugars (mono and disaccharides)

A
  • cause a rapid rise in blood sugar

- stimulates insulin release

42
Q

effect on blood glucose of short chain carbohydrats

A
  • may be unabsorbed and fermented by gut bacteria
43
Q

effect on blood glucose of starch

A

most starch is rapidly digested and absorbed giving a response much like free sugar

44
Q

what were the constituents of the typical cave man diet

A

high protein, more polyunsaturated fats, fibre, calcium and vitamin C and low sodium

45
Q

4 parts of the wheat husk and what is in each

A

bran - rich in nutrients and fibre
endosperm - starch and proteins
germ - rich in vitamins and minerals
husk - inedible part of the grain

46
Q

what causes Beriberi

A

thiamine deficiency

47
Q

what food is beriberi associated with?

A

corn - people whose diets were primarily corn did not have enough thiamine –> beriberi

48
Q

what is the effect of fibre in the GIT

A

delays stomach emptying and increases the speed through the GIT

49
Q

how does fibre have a protective effect against diverticulitis and haemorrhoids

A

fibre is highly hydrophilic –> keeps water with it –> faeces is not hard and therefore less risk of irritation of the intestine or anal sphincter

50
Q

what is the glycaemic index

A

ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose

Z MD1 metabolism block (9 decks)

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