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Pharmacology Exam 3 > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A
  • Substances that the body requires to be able to carry out metabolic reactions.
  • Body cannot synthesize enough to meet requirements.
  • Must be obtained from animals and vegetable tissues through food.
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2
Q

What are Minerals?

A
  • Naturally occurring inorganic substances, exists within the body.
  • Important for normal bodily functioning
  • Gained through diet to maintain levels to sustain bodily functions.
  • Some are electrolytes that carry electrical charge when dissolved in fluid/ water
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3
Q

What can deficiency in vitamins and minerals cause?

A

Increased risk of health problems such as anemia, osteoporosis, arrythmias.

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4
Q

What are the therapeutic actions of Vitamins & Minerals?

A
  • Facilitate the functioning of the human body.
  • Build bones, make hormones, regulate fluid volume, generate nerve action potentials & produce RBC’s
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5
Q

What is the easiest way to ensure that we are getting enough vitamins and minerals?

A

Through a balanced diet.

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6
Q

What mineral is involved in bone density?

A

Calcium

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7
Q

What is folic acid involved in?

A

RBC production.

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8
Q

What does iodine help produce?

A

Thyroid Hormone

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9
Q

What does Sodium help maintain?

A

Fluid volume.

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10
Q

Name 3 minerals that we need to be able to use our muscles.

A

Sodium, Potassium and Calcium.

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11
Q

What is the main reason we give Vitamin and Minerals to patients?

A

Deficiency that has not been able to be met though diet alone.

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12
Q

Why are pregnant women prescribed prenatal vitamins?

A

A deficiency of Folic Acid in the firs trimester is linked to neural tube defects.

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13
Q

Why would we give vitamins and minerals to a person through medication?

A

Deficiency and nor able to reach adequate lvls through diet alone .

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14
Q

What would contraindicate giving vitamins & minerals to a patient?

A
  • Allergy to the drug or colorants, additives or preservatives.
  • Deficiency has not been found.
  • Levels are already high in the blood.
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15
Q

What are some known adverse reactions that may happen when a person is taken vitamin/ mineral supplements?

A

GI upset

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16
Q

Are there any DDI’s to vitamin/mineral supplements, and if so, what are they?

A
  • Fat soluble vitamins may not be absorbed when given with mineral oil, cholestyramine or colestipol.
  • Potassium and Potassium sparing diuretics may lead to hyperkalemia.
  • Antibiotics and Iron may become less effective if given with magnesium and calcium supplements.
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17
Q

What could happen is you give Tums and Iron supplements at the same time?

A

I could hinder the absorption of the iron because the calcium in tums will bind to the iron which will not allow for it to be absorbed.

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18
Q

What happens when we take Magnesium and Antibiotics at the same time?

A

Magnesium will bind to the antibiotics and prevent absorption of the medication.

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19
Q

For our daily intake, would we require more daily intake of vitamins or minerals?

A

Minerals.

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20
Q

What are the vitamins that we need to know?

A

●Ascorbic acid
●Calcifediol
●Cholecalciferol
●Cyanocobalamin
●Ergocalciferol
●Niacin
●Phytonadione
●Thiamine
●Vitamin A
●Vitamin E

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21
Q

Explain water soluble vitamins.

A
  • Dissolve in water
  • Easily excreted in urine
  • Daily intake needed - Vitamin B complex & Vitamin C
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22
Q

Explain fat soluble vitamins.

A
  • Dissolve in fat
  • Stored in liver & daily intake not necessary
  • A, D, E, K
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23
Q

What would be the indication for giving a patient Vitamin A supplements?

A
  • Deficiency and malnutrition
  • For support of wound healing
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24
Q

What does vitamin A help support?

A

Promotes cell growth
Collagen production
Immune function
Inflammation control
Blood vessel formation.

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25
Q

What are some S&S of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Night blindness & vision problems
  • Increases susceptibility to infections.
  • Dry skin
  • Dry eyes
  • Impaired wound healing
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26
Q

What are the S&S of Hypervitaminosis A (Vitamin A toxicity) ?

A
  • Mouth ulcers
  • Cracked fingernails
  • Bone pain
  • Loss of appetite
  • Cracked corners of the mouth
  • Blurry vision / vision changes
  • Dizziness
  • Severe permanent liver damage
  • CNS effects
  • GI effects
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27
Q

Name some foods that are high in Vitamin A?

A

Dairy, Egg yolks, leafy green vegetables and fruits.

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28
Q

What would indicate the need to give a patient Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) ?

A
  • Deficiency (scurvy is severe deficiency)
  • Enhances PO iron absorption
  • Wound healing
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29
Q

What are some food that contain Vitamin C?

A

Vegetables, Fruit & Liver.

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30
Q

What are some S&S for Ascorbic acid/ vitamin C deficiency?

A
  • Bleeding , nose bleed & bleeding gums & Gingivitis- tooth loss.
  • Fatigue
  • Joint pain
  • Poor wound healing
  • Hair loss
  • delayed healing
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31
Q

With Vitamin C deficiency, what is the reason we experience hair loss, nosebleeds and easy bruising?

A

The loss of collagen.

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32
Q

Define Mega dose.

A

Significantly larger than recommended amount of a nutrient which may increase the excretion of oxalate the the urine, which may combine with calcium to form kidney stones.

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33
Q

What happens when vitamin C is given with Iron?

A

Increases Iron absorption.

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34
Q

What is Scurvy?

A

Scurvy is a disease caused by a severe deficiency of vitamin C in the diet. Early symptoms of scurvy include: weakness and sore arms and legs

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35
Q

What is Vitamin C essential for?

A

Collagen Synthesis
immune function
Wound healing
Antioxidant to protect cells from damage

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36
Q

Are there any adverse drug reactions with administering Vitamin C to a patient?

A

Kidney stones w/ mega doses.

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37
Q

What would indicate the need to give a patient Calcifediol, Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D)

A

Deficiency & malnutrition

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38
Q

How come vitamin D has such a large factor in bone health?

A

It increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorous from the intestines, which is what gives bones their strength.

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39
Q

Whare are some signs of Vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Rickets - Bones are soft an weak (mostly pediatric)
  • Osteomalacia - In adults. Soft bones due to mineral deficiencies
  • Osteoporosis - Thinning of bones that lose density and become brittle.
  • Tetany - Decreased calcium in the blood which is involved in muscle contraction.
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40
Q

What are the S&S associated with Rickets?

A

Bowed legs, delayed growth & skeletal deformities due to impaired bone mineralization.

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41
Q

What can happen if a patient is experiencing Hypervitaminosis D ( Too much vitamin D)

A
  • Fatigue
  • loss of appetite
  • weight loss
  • excessive thirst
  • excessive urination
  • dehydration - high calcium levels causes kidneys to excrete more water to balance excess calcium.
  • constipation
  • irritability
  • nervousness
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42
Q

What are some food sources of Vitamin D?

A

Dairy, cereal, butter, eggs and fish.

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43
Q

What is another name for Cyanocobalamin?

A

Vitamin B12

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44
Q

What is B12 essential for?

A

RBC formation, Nerve health and DNA synthesis.

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45
Q

What are the indications for giving a patient Cyanocobalamin/ Vitamin B12?

A
  • Pernicious anemia
  • Deficiency and malnutrition
  • ETOH (alcohol damages liver and ability to store and release B12)
  • Malabsorption syndrome
  • Vegan diet
  • Prolonged use of PPIs or H2 blockers
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46
Q

What can deficiency in Vitamin B12 lead to?

A

Decreased production of rapidly dividing cells in the mucous membranes which causes symptoms such as cheilosis (cracked lips) , glossitis & stomatitis (sores in the mouth)

47
Q

What are S&S for Cyanocobalamin/ Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Mucous membranes – cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis
  • Neurologic - paresthesia, balance problems, memory loss, cognitive difficulties due to impaired myelin production and nerve damage.
48
Q

What are the indication for the need to give a patient Vitamin E supplements?

A

Deficiency
premie babies - cannot absorb & store.
Vit. E may low in metabolic syndrome such as obesity, HTN & Insulin resistance r/t oxidative stress & inflammation.
Reduced wound healing r/t reduced inflammation - promotes tissue repair.

49
Q

What is Vitamin E essential for?

A

It has antioxidant properties which helps protect cells from oxidative stress.

50
Q

What are the S&S for Vitamin E toxicity?

A
  • Nausea
  • Gastric distress
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Diarrhea
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Easy bruising and bleeding - Due to excessive Vitamin E interfering with blood clotting.
51
Q

What are some food sources of Vitamin E?

A

Fruits, Fish, Meats & Nuts.

52
Q

What is another name for Niacin?

A

Vitamin B3

53
Q

What is Niacin used for?

A

Energy metabolism & functioning of the nervous system.

54
Q

What would indicate the need to give a patient Niacin/Vitamin B3 supplements?

A
  • Niacin deficiency also called Pellagra - Due to malabsorption
  • Lipid lowering agent (reduces LDL’s and Triglycerides and raises HDL levels)
55
Q

What are the 3 “D” symptoms of Pellagra?

A

Dermatitis, Diarrhea and Dementia.

56
Q

What are the S&S of Niacin deficiency?

A

Mucous membranes – cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis

57
Q

What are some known adverse reactions that may happen when a patient is given Niacin/Vitamin B3 supplements?

A

Flushing of skin, pruritus (itching of the skin) , and GI distress may occur at high doses

58
Q

What are some food sources of Niacin?

A

Beans, Yeast, Whole Grain and Turkey.

59
Q

What is another name for Phytonadione?

A

Vitamin K

60
Q

What does Vitamin K have a key role in?

A

Blood clotting due to activating proteins necessary for coagulation.

61
Q

Where is Phytonadione/ Vitamin K synthesized?

A

By GI normal flora

62
Q

What would indicate the need to give a patient Phytonadione/ Vitamin K supplements?

A
  • Deficiency - may happen if combined with antibiotics, since antibiotics gut flora involved in producing Vitamin K - Can increase risk of bleeding.
  • Warfarin excess (Antidote for Warfarin OD)
63
Q

What can happen when administering Vitamin K via IV?

A

Death has occurred.

64
Q

What do we need to do if Vitamin K and Warfarin needs to be given at the same time?

A

Monitor labs closely because Vitamin K may make Warfarin less effective as they are contradicting each other.

65
Q

What medication will Vitamin K interfere with?

A

Warfarin

66
Q

What are S&S of Vitamin K toxicity?

A
  • Jaundice
  • hyperbilirubinemia (Excessive bilirubin in the blood)
  • hemolytic anemia, and kernicterus (a form of brain damage) in infants
67
Q

How come Vitamin K is routinely given to infants within an hour after birth?

A

Newborns are born with low levels of vitamin K (it doesn’t effectively cross the placenta) , and gut bacteria isn’t fully developed at birth. The low Vitamin K levels puts the infants at a much higher risk of bleeding.

68
Q

From which food sources can we get Vitamin K from?

A

Cheese & vegetables

69
Q

What is another name for Thiamine?

A

Vitamin B1

70
Q

What is B1/ Thiamine crucial for?

A

Carb metabolism & proper nerve function

71
Q

What are the indications for the need to give a patient Thiamine/Vitamin B1?

A
  • Beriberi is a thiamine deficiency
  • Wernicke-Korskoff ’s (alcoholic) encephalopathy - severe neurological disorder.
  • Peripheral neuritis
  • Deficiency and malnutrition
  • ETOH
  • Malabsorption syndromes
72
Q

What are the symptoms of Beriberi?

A

Muscle weakness, nerve damage & heart problems.

73
Q

What symptoms does Wernicke-Korskoff ’s cause?

A

Confusion, memory loss & motor dysfunction due to impaired brain function.

74
Q

What interferes with thiamine absorption and utilization?

A

Alcohol. Alcohol use may lead to thiamine deficiency.

75
Q

What can we treat with Thiamine?

A

Peripheral neuritis - a condition involving inflammation of the peripheral nerves.

76
Q

What are S&S of too much thiamine?

A

Restlessness, Irritability, HA, sweating & hypersensitivity.

77
Q

What are some food sources of thiamine?

A

Meat, fish, beans and whole grain.

78
Q

What are the Minerals that we need to know for the exam?

A

●Calcium
●Magnesium
●Phosphorus
●Sodium
●Potassium

Chefs, Make, Perfectly, Seasoned, Pies.

79
Q

Why do we need Calcium?

A

For musculoskeletal, nerve, and cardiovascular function

80
Q

What is Calcium essential for?

A

Muscle contraction, neurotransmission, maintaining heart rhythm & aids in bone mineralization.

81
Q

what would be some indications for the need to administer Calcium supplements to a patient?

A
  • Deficiency
  • Reduce risk of osteoporosis
  • Used in conjunction with Vitamin D to increase calcium absorption
82
Q

What signs may calcium deficiency cause?

A

Muscle cramps, tetany ( muscle spasms) increased risk of osteoporosis.

83
Q

What group of people often need calcium supplements?

A

People with low dietary intake or increased needs such as postmenopausal women.

84
Q

Which vitamin increases calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D increased calcium absorption in the intestines.

85
Q

What can calcium toxicity cause?

A

Nausea
Kidney stones
Heart arrythmias

86
Q

What are some food sources for calcium?

A

Dairy, Cereal, Salmon

87
Q

Why do we need Magnesium?

A

Help cells perform their chemical reactions which is particularly important in the skeletal and cardiac muscle systems.

88
Q

What does magnesium have a critical role in?

A

Muscle contractility, makin sure we have proper muscle functioning and a heart rhythm.

89
Q

What are some indications for the need to administer Magnesium supplements in patients?

A
  • Deficiency - To maintain normal muscle & nerve function
  • Antacid or laxative - relieve constipation & heartburn
  • Decrease uterine contractions during preterm labor.
  • Prevent seizures and recurrent preeclampsia - neuroprotective agent.
90
Q

When giving magnesium during labour, how often do we need to check for toxicity?

A

Q4H due to magnesium levels being given is very high.

91
Q

What are some S&S of Magnesium toxicity?

A
  • AV node conduction suppression
  • Muscle weakness
  • Respiratory depression
  • Diarrhea
  • ANTIDOTE: Calcium Gluconate
92
Q

What are some food sources of magnesium?

A

Meats, Seafood, Milk, Cheese, Green leafy vegetables and nuts.

93
Q

What does Phosphorus do?

A

Regulates acid-base balance
Supports bone formation by pairing with calcium to re-mineralize bones
Energy production and storage
Hormone activation
Central component of ATP production.

94
Q

What would indicate the need to give a patient Phosphorous supplements?

A
  • Deficiency
  • May prevent kidney stone formation
95
Q

What are some signs of Phosphorus deficiency?

A

Weakened bones, muscle weakness and impaired energy production.

96
Q

What does having adequate Phosphorus levels prevent?

A

Formation of Kidney Stones due to reducing the likelihood of calcium phosphate crystals forming,

97
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?

A

Itching, muscle cramps and joint pain.
Increased calcium deposits in tissue which may lead to kidney damage, cardiovascular issues and bone pain.

98
Q

In severe cases, what may hyperphosphatemia lead to?

A

Arrythmias

99
Q

What are some food sources of phosphorus?

A

Milk, Cheese, Meat, Eggs

100
Q

What does Potassium do?

A

Regulate acid-base balance ensuring correct pH of blood.
Nerve action potentials, and electrical excitability of muscles.

101
Q

What does Potassium allow nerve cells to do?

A

Transmit electrical signals

102
Q

What does Potassium allow muscle cells to do?

A

Allow for electrical excitability which gives us good muscle function and contraction.

103
Q

Why would we need to give Potassium to a patient?

A

Deficiency

104
Q

What can Potassium deficiency lead to?

A

Muscle cramps and palpitations due to its impact in the muscles and heart cell function.

105
Q

What are some S&S of Potassium toxicity?

A

EKG changes leading to heart arrythmias
Muscle cramps
Palpitations

106
Q

What happens if we give Potassium via IV push?

A

We would immediately kill someone.

107
Q

What could high or low potassium level fluctuations cause?

A

Premature Ventricular Contractions. A single premature Ventricular Contraction caught on an EKG can indicate that the body is starting to have a reaction to the fluctuation and measure should be taken in place to avoid arrythmias developing.

108
Q

What are some food sources of Potassium?

A

Beans, Dairy, Vegetables and Clams.

109
Q

Prior to administering Vitamin & Mineral supplements to patients, what are some assessments that we should be making?

A
  • nutritional assessment, see if dietary measures can alleviate needing supplements.
  • Screen for any medical conditions and medications
  • Evaluate skin, mucous membranes, pulse, respirations, and BP
  • Complete blood count (CBC), clotting times, basic metabolic panel (BMP) and magnesium levels
110
Q

Prior to giving patients Vitamin & Mineral supplements what are some nursing diagnoses that we should anticipate?

A
  • Impaired comfort related to GI discomfort
  • Malnutrition risk related to replacement therapy
  • Knowledge deficit regarding drug therapy
111
Q

When giving patients Vitamin & Mineral supplements what implementations should we be prepared to do?

A

○Assess the patient’s general physical condition
○Advise the patient to avoid the use of over-the-counter preparations that
contain the same vitamins
○Take drug with meals to alleviate GI distress
○Provide patient teaching

112
Q

A parent brings their 4-year-old child to the clinic because they have noticed that their child’s legs are becoming bowed. The child also has a history of delayed growth. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing the child’s symptoms?

A

Rickets

113
Q

What is the antidote to Magnesium toxicity, and how does it work?

A

Calcium Gluconate. It counteracts the effects of excess magnesium and restore normal function.

114
Q

A nurse is caring for an infant who has just been born. The nurse knows that vitamin K will be administered shortly after birth. What is the primary reason for this intervention?

A

Newborns are at an increased risk of excessive bleeding due to low levels of vitamin at birth

Pharmacology Exam 3 (12 decks)

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