Vitamins and Cofactors Flashcards by Nathan Hansen | Brainscape

Q

Vitamins are ___ and are ____ for growth/metabolism

Generally get these from

Important in

A

micronutrients, essential

the diet

physiological process (AA only good for A-B rxns)

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Q

Vitamin fxns

____ to metablism

more reactive than _____

Useful as _____

Generally ____ in rxns

Used in hormones, antioxidants, vision pigments

A

Integral

AA

electron sinks

recycled

VD
VC/VE
VA

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Q

Many vitamins are

converts _____ to NAD/NADP+

____ to FMN and FAD

____ to CoA

____ to THF

A

coenzyme precursors

Niacin

Riboflavin

Pantethonate

Folic Acid

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Q

Thiamine pyrophosphate uses

Pyruvate dehydrogenase uses 5 coenzymes

NAD and NADP used as

A

B1 for oxidative decarboxylation

Thiamine, lipoic acid, pantetheine, Riboflavin, Niacin

electron carriers

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Q

Nad+ to NADH

FMN to FNMH2

redox reactants helpful to

A

both use 2 electrons to 2 H+

carry protons/electrons

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Q

VB6 used by

biotin (B7) defic from

C1 units of different oxidation states use N5 and N10

A

pyridoxal phosphate, breaking C-N and C-O bonds

avidin in raw egg whites

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Q

B12

_____ ring

Absorption requires

______ in plasma

_____ uptake

Only ____ bond in nature

____ cleavage of Co-C bond

A

corrin

IF

Transcobalamin 2

Receptor mediated

Co-C

Co-C

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Q

Vitamin C

essential in

3 enzymes in ____ biosyn

2 enzymes in ____ biosyn

_____ biosyn

_____ peptide hormones

____ metabolism

____ scavenger

A

Collagen (scurvy)

crnitine

NE

Amidating

Tyrosine

ROS

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Q

Collagen biosyn dz

Mice dont get scurvy bc

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta, EDS

GULO gene encodes VC biosynthetic enzyme

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Q

Vitamin E

powerful ______

Protects ______

A

Antioxidant

CM

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Q

Vitamin K

better _____ binding

Common in

necessary for

A

calcium

several coag factors

Prothrombin

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Q

Coag pathway

Local ____ of zymogens

needs

A

activation

Ca

Phos

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Q

Vit D is ____ controlling ____

Considered

A

hormone, calcium

steroid hormone

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Q

Nearly 1/3 of all ezymes require

Metalloenzymes

Metal Activated enzymes

Useful for ____ substrates, mediate _____, _____

A

metal ion for activity

tightly bound to transition metals

loosely bound to alkaline/alkaline earth metals

orient, redox rxn, electrostatics

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Q

Fe

Found in ____ as ____ carrier

Also

Protein portions protect heme from reacting

Need a ____ for electron transfer chain

Has ____ used for chemistry

Proteins are ____

A

Hb, oxygen

cytochromes

anti enzymes

precise fit

electron orbitals

scaffolds

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Q

Carbonic anhydrase

____ makes the OH a better nucelophile

charged at

A

Zn

neutral pH

Q

Copper used as

Biotin (B7)

Cobalamin (b12)

Pantethonate (B5)
(CoA/ACP)
Folic Acid (B9) (THF)

Pyridoxine (B6) (PLP)

Thiamine (B1) (TPP)

function (enzyme used)

A

electron donor/acceptor

carboxylation

alkylation

acyl/acetyl transferase

C1 transfer

NH transfer

Aldehyde transfer

Q

Riboflavin B2 (FAD)

Nicotinamide B3 (NAD)

Porphyrin (Fe)

fxn

A

redox

redox