Vitamins and Cofactors Flashcards
Vitamins are ___ and are ____ for growth/metabolism
Generally get these from
Important in
micronutrients, essential
the diet
physiological process (AA only good for A-B rxns)
Vitamin fxns
____ to metablism
more reactive than _____
Useful as _____
Generally ____ in rxns
Used in hormones, antioxidants, vision pigments
Integral
AA
electron sinks
recycled
VD
VC/VE
VA
Many vitamins are
converts _____ to NAD/NADP+
____ to FMN and FAD
____ to CoA
____ to THF
coenzyme precursors
Niacin
Riboflavin
Pantethonate
Folic Acid
Thiamine pyrophosphate uses
Pyruvate dehydrogenase uses 5 coenzymes
NAD and NADP used as
B1 for oxidative decarboxylation
Thiamine, lipoic acid, pantetheine, Riboflavin, Niacin
electron carriers
Nad+ to NADH
FMN to FNMH2
redox reactants helpful to
both use 2 electrons to 2 H+
carry protons/electrons
VB6 used by
biotin (B7) defic from
C1 units of different oxidation states use N5 and N10
pyridoxal phosphate, breaking C-N and C-O bonds
avidin in raw egg whites
B12
_____ ring
Absorption requires
______ in plasma
_____ uptake
Only ____ bond in nature
____ cleavage of Co-C bond
corrin
IF
Transcobalamin 2
Receptor mediated
Co-C
Co-C
Vitamin C
essential in
3 enzymes in ____ biosyn
2 enzymes in ____ biosyn
_____ biosyn
_____ peptide hormones
____ metabolism
____ scavenger
Collagen (scurvy)
crnitine
NE
Amidating
Tyrosine
ROS
Collagen biosyn dz
Mice dont get scurvy bc
Osteogenesis imperfecta, EDS
GULO gene encodes VC biosynthetic enzyme
Vitamin E
powerful ______
Protects ______
Antioxidant
CM
Vitamin K
better _____ binding
Common in
necessary for
calcium
several coag factors
Prothrombin
Coag pathway
Local ____ of zymogens
needs
activation
Ca
Phos
Vit D is ____ controlling ____
Considered
hormone, calcium
steroid hormone
Nearly 1/3 of all ezymes require
Metalloenzymes
Metal Activated enzymes
Useful for ____ substrates, mediate _____, _____
metal ion for activity
tightly bound to transition metals
loosely bound to alkaline/alkaline earth metals
orient, redox rxn, electrostatics
Fe
Found in ____ as ____ carrier
Also
Protein portions protect heme from reacting
Need a ____ for electron transfer chain
Has ____ used for chemistry
Proteins are ____
Hb, oxygen
cytochromes
anti enzymes
precise fit
electron orbitals
scaffolds
Carbonic anhydrase
____ makes the OH a better nucelophile
charged at
Zn
neutral pH
Copper used as
Biotin (B7)
Cobalamin (b12)
Pantethonate (B5)
(CoA/ACP)
Folic Acid (B9) (THF)
Pyridoxine (B6) (PLP)
Thiamine (B1) (TPP)
function (enzyme used)
electron donor/acceptor
carboxylation
alkylation
acyl/acetyl transferase
C1 transfer
NH transfer
Aldehyde transfer
Riboflavin B2 (FAD)
Nicotinamide B3 (NAD)
Porphyrin (Fe)
fxn
redox
redox
