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MCM Midterm > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin B1

A 
Thiamine 
Coenzyme: Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)
-Pyruvate DH
-a-ketoglutarate DH
- branch chain ketoacid DH (MSUD)
- Transketolase
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2
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Caused by alcoholism
Wernicke’s (ataxia, nystagmus, opthalmoplegia)
Korsakoff’s (psychosis, confabulation)
Dry beriberi (muscle wasting, partial paralysis)
Wet beriberi (cardiac failure, peripheral edema)

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3
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

Coenzyme: FAD/FMN

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4
Q

Vitamin B2 deficiency

A 
Caused by poor dietary intake or malabsorption syndromes
Corneal neovascularization
Cheilosis/ Stomatitis
Magenta colored tongue
**Think mouth
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5
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin
Coenzyme: NAD/NADP
Synthesized from Trp

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6
Q

Vit B3 Deficiency

A

Deficiency from Hartnup disease (Trp deficiency leads to niacin deficiency)

Malnutrition leads to Pellagra (4 D’s)

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7
Q

Pellagra

A

Diarrhea
Dementia
Dermatitis
Death

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8
Q

Vitamin B5

A 
Pantothenic Acid
Coenzyme A
-Pyruvate —> TCA
 -a-ketoglutarate —> succinyl CoA 
- FA metabolism
- Cholesterol synthesis
Required for acetylation and acylation
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9
Q

Vit B5 Deficiency

A

Caused by extreme starvation

Dermatitis, numbness, paresthesia, muscle cramps, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency, hypoglycemia

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10
Q

Vitamin B6

A 
Pyridoxine
Converted to pyridoxal phosphate in body
Aminotransferase rxns (ALT & AST)
Delta-aminolevulinate synthase (rate limiting step in heme synthesis)
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11
Q

Vitamin B6 Deficiency

A

Deficiency from isoniazid therapy

Sideroblastic anemia
Cheilosis/ stomatitis
Intertrigo (skin inflammation in warm, moist areas (i.e.groin))
Convulsions

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12
Q

Vitamin B7

A 
Biotin
Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes
-Pyruvate carboxylase
- Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
- Propionyl CoA carboxylase
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13
Q

Vitamin B7 Deficiency

A

Deficiency from excessive consumption of raw eggs

Alopecia
Rashes, seborrheic dermatitis (scaly patches and dead skin mainly on scalp)
Bowel inflammation
Muscle pain

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14
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Tetrahydrofolate is coenzyme for 1-C transfer/methylation rxns (i.e. thymidylate synthase for de novo pyrimidine synthesis)

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15
Q

Vit B9 Deficiency

A

Folate pool depleted in alcoholics and pregnancy
Deficiency in pregnancy —> neural tube defect (spina bifida)
Due to side effects of drugs such as Phenytoin, sulfonamides, methotrexate

Macrocyclic megaloblastic anemia
Homocysteinemia (CV disease, DVT, thromboembolism, stroke)

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16
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin
Converted to coenzymes methyl or deoxyadenosyl cobalamin for:
- Homocysteine —> methionine (homocysteine methyltransferase)
- Methylmalonyl CoA —> succinyl CoA (Methymalonyl-CoA mutase)

17
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Deficiency from

  • Pernicious anemia (most common)
  • Chronic pancreatitis
  • long term total vegetarian diet
  • resection of terminal ileum

Clinical manifestations

  • megaloblastic anemia
  • neuropathic
  • homocysteinemia (CV disease, DVT, stroke)
18
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbate
Cofactor for
-collagen synthesis (prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase)
-Dopamine —> norepinephrine (dopamine B-hydroxylase)
- Enhances Fe absorption in GI tract
- Antioxidant

19
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Deficiency from diet devoid of citrus fruits and green veggies

Scurvy

  • poor wound healing, easy bruising
  • perifollicular hemorrhaging, bleeding gums, anemia
  • Increased bleeding time
  • painful glossitis
20
Q

Vitamin A

A

Retinol
Retinoic Acid

Vision and maintenance of epithelium

21
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Caused from extreme malnutrition and fat malabsorption and liver cirrhosis

Night blindness
Metaplasia of corneal epithelium
Xeropthalmia, follicular hyperkeratosis
Frequent infections (pneumonia, bronchitis)

Toxicity: Teratogenic in pregnancy

22
Q

Forms Vitamin D

A

D2: ergocalciferol (from plants)
D3: cholecalciferol (sun or Vit D fortified milk)
Calcifediol: 23-hydroxy vit. D (storage form in liver)

  • Calcitriol: 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D (ACTIVE VITAMIN D)
  • formed in kidney in response to PTH function
23
Q

Functions of Vitamin D

A

GI tract: induces synthesis of Ca2+ binding proteins, inc. phosphate absorption

Kidneys: stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ and secretion of phosphate

Bone: acts upon osteoblast receptors —> osteoclasts activation —> bone resporption

24
Q

Vitamin D Deficiencies

A

Childhood rickets (skeletal abnormalities)

Adults osteomalacia (fewer deformities)

  • mild: Chvostek’s/ Trosseau’s signs
  • severe —> hypocalcemic tetany
  • breast fed only infants —> vitamin D deficiency

Rickets

  • delayed growth
  • pain in spine, pelvis and legs
  • muscle weakness
  • bowed legs
  • thickened wrists and ankles
  • breastbone projection

MCM Midterm (6 decks)

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