Random Knowledge Flashcards
What 2 enzymes in heme biosynthesis are inhibited by Pb
- Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) DH
- Ferrochelatase
What are the markers of myocardial infarction
Creatine Kinase (CK-MB)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Isozyme of Lactate DH (LDH-1)
Troponin (cTn-I)
Malonyl CoA inhibits what enzyme in FA degradation
Carnitine Acyltransferase
Dietary cholesterol induces expression of which desaturase
9
Where is palmitate converted to longer chain FA’s?
SER or mitochondria
What is the precursor for EPA and DHA?
Linolenic acid (18:3)
Where does FA activation occur?
Cytosol
What length(s) of FA’s can diffuse into mitochondria without active transport?
Short and Medium chain FA’s
What type of transport is used by Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT)?
Secondary active
Antiport
FA-carnitine in and carnitine out
What are the 4 steps of B oxidation and the enzyme associated with each step?
Oxidation: Acyl CoA DH (ACAD)
Hydration: Enoyl CoA hydratase
Oxidation: 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA DH
Thiolysis: Acetyl CoA Acetyltransferase (B:keto thiolase)
How many ATP does catabolism of palmitic acid give?
129
What 2 coenzymes are required in the B oxidation of odd numbered FA’s?
Biotin (B7) for Propionyl CoA Carboxylase
Cobalmin (B12) for Methylmalonyl CoA mutase
What enzyme is used in Peroxisomal B Oxidation instead of ACAD?
Acyl CoA oxidase
Where are Ketone bodies produced?
Liver ONLY
Mitochondrial matrix of hepatocytes
How many ATP’s does acetoacetate yield?
23 ATP
Rate limiting enzyme of ketone body synthesis
HMG CoA synthase
Components of outer leaflet
Phosphatidylcholine
Glycolipids
Sphingomyelin
Components of inner leaflet
Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
What components does Acid Sphingomyelinase normally break sphingomyelin into?
Ceramide and Phosphocholine
3 factors that influence membrane fluidity
Temp
Lipid composition
Cholesterol
Tetrodotoxin inhibits what kind of channel?
Sodium channel
In P type ATPases, what AA residue is phosphorylated?
Aspartate (D)
What type of transport does NCX utilize and how many of each ion is transported
Secondary active
Antiport
3 Na+ in
1 Ca2+ out
2 examples of P type ATPase
Na/K ATPase
Ca ATPase
What gene is botched in cystic fibrosis
CFTR
Alcohol calories/g
7
Fat cal/g
9
Overweight BMI
25-29.9
Obese BMI
30-40
What part of small intestine is fat, iron and folate absorbed
Duodenum
What part of small intestine is bile acids and Vit B12 absorbed
Ileum
Which GLUT transporter has the lowest affinity
GLUT2
Net yield of glycolysis
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
What enzymes in glycolysis result in the production of ATP
- Phosphoglycerate kinase
- Pyruvate kinase
PFK-1 Inhibitors
- ATP
- Citrate
3 irreversible steps of glycolysis
Hexokinase/glucokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase
What monosaccharide(s) can glucokinase utilize as its substrate?
Only glucose
Four fates of pyruvate
Reduced to lactate
Oxidized in TCA cycle to Acetyl CoA then CO2
Converted to alanine
Converted to ethanol
Irreversible enzymes of gluconeogenesis
Pyruvate Carboxylase
PEPCK
F 1,6 BPase
G6Pase
What is the rate limiting step on gluconeogenesis and what step of glycolysis does it bypass?
F1,6 BPase
PFK-1
3 subunits of G6Pase
- Catalytic unit
- G6P/Pi antiporter
- GLUT7
GLUT5 is responsible for the uptake of which monosaccharide
Fructose
Polyol Pathway
GLucose —> Sorbitol via aldose reductase
Sorbitol —> fructose via sorbitol DH
4 phases of Purine synthesis
- Ribose 5-P activation
- PRPP to PRA
- Construct the IMP ring
- Conversion of IMP to (d)ATP and (d)GTP
5 sources of ring atoms for purine bases
CO2 Gly Gln Asp N10-formyl THF
5 sources of ring atoms for pyrimidine synthesis
HCO3- Gln Asp N5 N10- methylene THF
Formation of carbamoyl phosphate is the committed step of de novo pyrimidine synthesis TRUE/FALSE
False, the formation of carbamoyl aspartate is the committed step
What enzyme does 5-fluorouracil inhibit
Thymidylate synthase
Treatment of orotic aciduria
Oral uridine
Which enzyme in the degradation of nucleotides converts short oligomers to NMPs/dNMPs
Phosphodiesterases
Overproduction of ADA leads to what condition
Hemolytic anemia
Underproduction of ADA leads to what condition
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
What is the name of the crystals formed in Gout
Monosodium Urate Crystals (MSU)
Leach Nyhan and Kelley Seegmiller syndrome are both deficiencies of which enzyme?
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT)
Deficiency in what two enzymes will lead to galactosemia
GALT
Galactokinase
NADPH is produced during PPP in two steps involving which two enzymes
G6PD
6-Phosphogluconate DH
How does glucagon effect glycogenesis/glycogenolysis
Effects liver only, no effect on muscle
Inhibition of glycogenesis
Stimulation of glycogenolysis
Effect of AMP on Glycogen phosphorylase
Stimulation of GP in MUSCLE ONLY
What enzyme cleaves trypsinogen
Enterokinase
OAA is a biosynthetic precursor for which AA’s
Asp Asn Met Thr Ile Lys
Pyruvate is a biosynthetic precursor for which AA’s
Ala
Val
Leu
a-ketoglutarate is a biosynthetic precursor for which AA’s
Glu
Gln
Pro
Arg
3-Phosphoglycerate is a biosynthetic precursor for which AA’s
Ser
Cys
Gly
