vitamins Flashcards
B vitamins complex deficiencies often result in
- Dermatitis
- Glossitis
- Diarrhea
Water soluble vitamins and their name
B1 --> Thiamine B2 --> Riboflavin B3 --> niacin B5 --> pantothenic acid B6 --> pyridoxine B7 --> biotin B9 --> folate B12 --> cobolamin C --> ascorbic acid
Vitamin A ( retinol) function
- Antioxidant 2. Constituent of normal visual pigment (retinal) 3. Essential of normal epithelial cells into specialized tissue (pancr cells, mucus secreting cells) 4. Prevent squamous metaplasia
Vitamin A (retinol) is used to
- Treat measles (all trans retinoic)
- Treat AML (M3) (all trans retinoic)
- Topically for wrinkles and acne (oral isotretinoin)
Deficiency of vitamin A (retinol)
- Night blindness (nyctalopia)
- Dry scaly skin (xerosis cutis)
- Bitot spots on conjunctiva
- Corneal degeneration (keratomalacia)
- Immune suppression
Vitamin A (retinol) excess
- arthralgias 2. Skin changes (scaliness) 3. Alopecia 4. Cerebral edema 5. Pseudo-tumor cerebri 6. Osteoporosis 7. Hepatic toxicity and enlargment
- Teratogenic (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)
if acute –> nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and blurred vision
Vitamin D Excess findings
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypercalciuria
- Loss of apettite
- Stupor
Vitamin E vs vitamin B12 deficiency
Neurologic presentation of vit E deficiency may appear similar to B12 deficiency, but without megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, or increased serum methylmalonic acid
Vitamin E function
- Antioxidant (protect erythrocytes and membranes from free radicals damage
- Enhance anticoagulant effects of warfarin
Vitamin E deficiency
- Hemolytic anemia
- Acanthocytosis
- Muscle weakness
- Posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination
Kwashiorkor clinical picture
Small child with swollen belly
Kwashiorkor mechanism (and result in)
Protein malnutrition resulting in skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction (fatty change due to decreased apolipoprotein synthesis)
Marasmus (definition and results)
Total calorie malnutrition resulting in:
- emaciation (tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat)
- +/- edema
vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is ancillary treatment for
Methemoglobinemia by reducing Fe3+ to fe2+
Vitamin C excess
- Nausea 2. Vomiting 3. Diarrhea 4. Fatigue 5. Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis 6. Can increase risk of iron toxicity in in predisposed individuals (transfusions, hereditary hemochromatosis)
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency
- Scurvy
2. Weakened immune response
Scurvy - presentation
Swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages, corkscrew hair
Vitamin B5 deficiency
- Dermatitis
- Enteritis
- Alopecia
- Adrenal insufficiency
Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency
- Wernicke - korskakoff syndrome
- Dry beriberi
- Wet beriberi
Dry beriberi
- Polineuritis
2. Symmetrical muscle wasting
Wet beriberi
- Hight cardiac output failure (dilated cardiomyopathy)
2. Edema
Thiamine (vit b1) deficiency seen in
- Malnutrition
2. Alcoholism (2ry to malnutrition and malabsorption)
Wernicke - korsakoff syndrome - symptoms
- Classic triad (Confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia)
- Confabulation
- Personality changes
- Permanent memory loss
Vitamin B2 deficiency
- Cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth)
- Corneal vascularization
Niacin deficiency
- Glossitis
2. Pellagra (of severe deficiency)
Causes of pellagra
- Hartnup disease (Decreased tryptophan absorption)
- Malignant carcinoid syndrome (increased tryptophan metabolism)
- Isoniazid (low B6)
Pellagra symptoms
- Diarrhea
- Dementia (and hallucinations)
- Dermatitis (casal necklace (C3.4 dermotome) or hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed limbs)
Niacin excess
- Facial flushing (induce by prostaglandins, not histamine)
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyperuricemia
Biotin deficiency symptoms
Rare.
Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis
Biotin deficiency caused by
Caused by antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw egg whites
Folic acid absorption
Jejunum
