Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biochemistry FA > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Toxicity is most common with fat or water soluble vitamins (why)

A

Fat soluble (accumulate in fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does mineral oil influence influence fat soluble vitamins absorption

A

Mineral oil (laxative) can cause fat-soluble deficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which syndromes can cause fat soluble vitamin deficiencies

Examples

A

Malabsorption syndromes steatorrhe

Ex. Cystic fibrosis, sprue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C

B1-3, 5-7, 9, 12
C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

B vitamins complex deficiencies often result in

A
  1. Dermatitis
  2. Glossitis
  3. Diarrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which water soluble vitamins does not wash out easily from the body (explain)

A

B12 –> liver for 3-4 years
Folate –> liver for 3-4 months
(Stored in the liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vitamin A ( retinol) function

A
  1. Antioxidant 2. Constituent of normal visual pigment (retinal) 3. Essential of normal epithelial cells into specialized tissue (pancr cells, mucus secreting cells) 4. Prevent squamous metaplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Water soluble vitamins and their name

A 
B1 --> Thiamine
B2 --> Riboflavin 
B3 --> niacin 
B5 --> pantothenic acid 
B6 --> pyridoxine 
B7 --> biotin 
B9 --> folate 
B12 --> cobolamin 
C --> ascorbic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vitamin A (retinol) is founded to

A

Liver and leafy vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vitamin A (retinol) is used to

A
  1. Treat measles (all trans retinoic)
  2. Treat AML (M3) (all trans retinoic)
  3. Topically for wrinkles and acne (oral isotretinoin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Deficiency of vitamin A (retinol)

A
  1. Night blindness (nyctalopia)
  2. Dry scaly skin (xerosis cutis)
  3. Bitot spots on conjunctiva
  4. Corneal degeneration (keratomalacia)
  5. Immune suppression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Before isotretinoin prescription for severe acne what is needed

A

(-) pregnancy test and reliable contraception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vitamin A (retinol) excess

A
  1. arthralgias 2. Skin changes (scaliness) 3. Alopecia 4. Cerebral edema 5. Pseudo-tumor cerebri 6. Osteoporosis 7. Hepatic toxicity and enlargment
  2. Teratogenic (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)
    if acute –> nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and blurred vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vitamine D forms

A

D2 - ergocalciferol

D3 - cholecalciferol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) - source

A

Is ingested from plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) forms

A
  1. 25-OH D3 = storage form

2. 1,25-(OH) D3 (calcitriol) = active form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) - source

A
  1. Consumed in milk

2. Formed in sun - exposed skin (stratum basale)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vitamin D defiency

A
  1. Rickets (children) - bone pain and deformity
  2. Osteomalacia (adults) - bone pain and muscle weakness)
  3. Hypocalcemia tetany
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vitamin D function

A
  1. Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
  2. Increases bone mineralization (at low levels)
  3. increases bone resorption at higher levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Breastfed infants - vit D

A

Breastfed infants should receive oral vit D

Breast milk has not enough vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rickets symptoms

A

Bone pain and deformity in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vitamin D deficiency is exacerbated by (in infants)

A
  1. Low sun exposure
  2. Pigmented skin
  3. Prematurity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Osteomalacia symptoms

A

Bone pain and muscle weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vitamin D Excess findings

A
  1. Hypercalcemia
  2. Hypercalciuria
  3. Loss of apettite
  4. Stupor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Excess vitamin D is seen in:

A

granoulomatosis (increased activation of vitamin D by epitheloid macrophages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ricktes on x rays

A

Legs in toddler show bowing of femurs (genu varum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Vitamin E name

A

Tocopherol / tocotrienol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Vitamin E vs vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Neurologic presentation of vit E deficiency may appear similar to B12 deficiency, but without megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, or increased serum methylmalonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Vitamin E function

A
  1. Antioxidant (protect erythrocytes and membranes from free radicals damage
  2. Enhance anticoagulant effects of warfarin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A
  1. Hemolytic anemia
  2. Acanthocytosis
  3. Muscle weakness
  4. Posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Zinc function

A
  1. Essential for the activity of more than 100 enzymes

2. Important in the formation of sinc fingers (transcription factor motif)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Zinc deficiency

A
  1. Delayed wound healing
  2. Hypogonadism
  3. Decreased adult hair (axillary, facial, pubic)
  4. Dysgeusia
  5. Anosmia
  6. Acrodermatitis enteropathica
  7. Predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Vitamin K function

A

It is cofactor for the γ-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on varies proteins required for blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare inherited form of zinc deficiency, characterized by periorificial and acral dermatitis, alopecia, and diarrhea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How is vitamin K synthesized

A

By intestinal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

For the activation of which blot clotting factors is vitamin K necessary

A

2, 7, 9, 10 protein C, protein S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Warfarin mechanism of action

A

Vitamin K antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Vitamin k deficiency

A

Hemorrhage with increased PT and aPTT but normal bleeding time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Neonates-vit K

A

Not in breast milk. Neonates are given vitamin K injection at birth to prevent bleeding diathesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Vitamin k deficiency can occur

A
  1. In neonatal (sterile intestine, not in breast milk)

2. After prolonged use of antibiotic broad spectrum antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Kwashiorkor clinical picture

A

Small child with swollen belly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Kwashiorkor mechanism (and result in)

A

Protein malnutrition resulting in skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction (fatty change due to decreased apolipoprotein synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Kwashiorkor results in

A

Mnemonic MEAL

  1. Malnutrition
  2. Edema (low plasma oncotic pressure)
  3. Anemia
  4. Liver (fatty) (low apolipoprotein synthesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Function of vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

A
  1. Antioxidant
  2. It facilitates iron absorption by reducing it to Fe2+ state
  3. Necessary for hydroxylation of,proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
  4. Necessary for dopamine β-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine to NE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Marasmus (definition and results)

A

Total calorie malnutrition resulting in:

  1. emaciation (tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat)
  2. +/- edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is found in

A
  1. Fruits

2. Vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is ancillary treatment for

A

Methemoglobinemia by reducing Fe3+ to fe2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency

A
  1. Scurvy

2. Weakened immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Vitamin C excess

A
  1. Nausea 2. Vomiting 3. Diarrhea 4. Fatigue 5. Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis 6. Can increase risk of iron toxicity in in predisposed individuals (transfusions, hereditary hemochromatosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Vitamine B5 is also called

A

Pantothenate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Scurvy - presentation

A

Swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages, corkscrew hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) function

A

Essential component of coenzyme A (CoA, a cofactor for acyl transfers) and fatty synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Vitamin B5 deficiency

A
  1. Dermatitis
  2. Enteritis
  3. Alopecia
  4. Adrenal insufficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Fat soluble vitamins absorption depends on

A
  1. Gut

2. Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Vitamin B1 name

A

Thiamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) function

A

In thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) a cofactor of several dehydrogenase enzyme reaction:

  1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase - Links glycolysis to TCA cycle
  2. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase - TCA cycle
  3. Transketolase - HMP shunt
  4. Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency

A
  1. Wernicke - korskakoff syndrome
  2. Dry beriberi
  3. Wet beriberi
58
Q

Deficiency of vitamin B1 pathophysiology

A

Impaired glucose breakdown –> ATP depletion worsened by glucose infusion. Highly aerobic tissues (brain, heart) are affected first

59
Q

Thiamine (vit b1) deficiency seen in

A
  1. Malnutrition

2. Alcoholism (2ry to malnutrition and malabsorption)

60
Q

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency diagnosis is made by

A

Increased in RBC transketolase activity following vitamin B1 administration

61
Q

Dry beriberi

A
  1. Polineuritis

2. Symmetrical muscle wasting

62
Q

Wet beriberi

A
  1. Hight cardiac output failure (dilated cardiomyopathy)

2. Edema

63
Q

Wernicke - korsakoff syndrome pathophysiology

A

Damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus, mamillary bodies

65
Q

Wernicke - korsakoff syndrome classic triad

A

Confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia

66
Q

Wernicke - korsakoff syndrome - symptoms

A
  1. Classic triad (Confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia)
  2. Confabulation
  3. Personality changes
  4. Permanent memory loss
66
Q

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

A

Compoments of flavins FAD, FMN, used as cofactor in redox reaction
Eg. The succinate dehydrogenase reaction in the TCA cycle

67
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

68
Q

Vitamin B2 deficiency

A
  1. Cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth)
  2. Corneal vascularization
69
Q

Vitamin B3 name

70
Q

Niacin is constituent of

A

NAD+ and NADP+ (used in redox)

71
Q

Niacin is used to treat

A

Dyslipidemia

It lowers levels of VLDL and raises levels HDL

72
Q

Niacin synthesis

A

Derived from tryptophan. It requires B2 and B6

73
Q

Niacin is derived from

A

Tryptophan

74
Q

Synthesis of niacin requires

75
Q

Niacin deficiency

A
  1. Glossitis

2. Pellagra (of severe deficiency)

77
Q

Causes of pellagra

A
  1. Hartnup disease (Decreased tryptophan absorption)
  2. Malignant carcinoid syndrome (increased tryptophan metabolism)
  3. Isoniazid (low B6)
78
Q

Pellagra symptoms

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Dementia (and hallucinations)
  3. Dermatitis (casal necklace (C3.4 dermotome) or hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed limbs)
78
Q

Niacin excess

A
  1. Facial flushing (induce by prostaglandins, not histamine)
  2. Hyperglycemia
  3. Hyperuricemia
79
Q

Dermatitis of pellagra

A
  1. Casal necklace (C3.4 dermotome)

2. Hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed limbs

80
Q

Facial flushing of excess niacin

A

Induced by prostaglandins, not histamine

81
Q

Vitamin B7

82
Q

Biotin (vit 7) function

A

Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes

83
Q

Carboxylation enzymes function

A

Add a 1-carbon group

84
Q

Carboxylation enzymes that biotin is cofactor

A
  1. Pyruvate carboxylase
  2. Acetyl-coa carboxylase
  3. Propionyl-Coa carboxylase
85
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase

A

Pyrivate (3C) to oxaloacetate (4C)

86
Q

Acetyl-coa carboxylase

A

Acetyl - coa (2C) to malonyl - coa

87
Q

Propionyl-Coa carboxylase

A

Propionyl - coA (3C) to methylmalonic - coa

89
Q

Biotin deficiency symptoms

A

Rare.

Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis

90
Q

Biotin deficiency caused by

A

Caused by antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw egg whites

90
Q

Folic acid (vit 9) found

A

Leafy green vegetables

91
Q

Vitamin B9 name

A

Folic acid

92
Q

Folic acid absorption

93
Q

Folic acid (vit9) storage

A

Small reverse poll stored primarily in the liver

95
Q

Folic acid function

A
  • Converted to tetrahydrofolate (THF), a coenzyme for 1-carbom transfer/methylation reactions
  • important for the synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
95
Q

Folic acid vs B12 symptoms deficiency

A

Folic acid has no neurologic symptoms

96
Q

Folic acid (vit9) deficiency symptoms

A
  1. Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
  2. Hypersegmented polymorphononuclear cells (PMN)
  3. Glossitis
97
Q

Folic acid deficiency labs:

A
  1. Increased homocysteine

2. Normal methylmalonic acid

98
Q

The most common vitamin deficiency in United States

A

Folic acid (vitamin B9)

99
Q

Folic acid deficiency causes

A
  1. Alcoholism
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Drugs
100
Q

Folic acid - early pregnancy

A

Supplemental maternal folic acid in early pregnancy decreases risk of neural tubu defects

101
Q

Drugs that cause deficiency of folic acid

A
  1. Phenytoin
  2. Sulfonamides
  3. Methotrexate
102
Q

Vitamin that can enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin

A

Vitamin E (tocopherol/tocotrienol)

103
Q

Vitamin B12

104
Q

Cobolamin (vit 12) is founded in

A

Animal products

105
Q

Cobalamin (vit12) is synthesized

A

Only by microorganims

106
Q

Cobalamin pool

A

Very large reserve pool (several years) stored primary in the liver

107
Q

Cobalamin deficiency symptoms

A
  1. Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
  2. Hypersegmented PMNs
  3. Paresthesias
  4. Sabacute combined degeneration due to abnormal myelin
  5. If prolonged deficiency –> irreversible nerve damage
108
Q

Cobalamin function

A

Cofactor for:

  1. methionine synthase (tranfers CH3 groups as methycobslamin)
  2. Methylmalonyl - coa mutase
109
Q

Cobalamin deficiency labs

A

Increased serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels

110
Q

Cobalamin deficiency - CNS symptoms

A
  1. Paresthesias
  2. Sabacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, corticospinal tracts, spinocerebellar tracts) due to abnormal myelin
  3. If prolonged –> irreversible nerve damage
112
Q

causes of Cobalamin deficiency

A
  1. Lack of intrinsic factor (Pernicious anemia, gastric bybass, surgery)
  2. Insufficient intake (veganism)
  3. Malabsorption (sprue, enteritis)
  4. Diphylobothrium latum
  5. Absence of terminal ileum (crohn)
113
Q

Methionine to homocysteine

A

Methionine + ATP –> S-adenosyl methionine Pi + PPi

–> out one CH3 + adenisine–>homocysteine

113
Q

Methylmalonyc - coa source

A

Fatty acids with odd number of C and branched - chain amino acids

114
Q

Homocysteine to methionine

A

homocysteine + B12+THF-CH3

–> methinine + THF (methionine synthase)

115
Q

Methylmalonic - coa to succinyl - coa

A

Merhylmalonyc - coa mutase + B12 (Methymanoyl-coa Mutase)

116
Q

Succinyl - coa next step

A
  1. TCA
  2. Myelin synthesis
  3. Heme (pyridoxine)
117
Q

Vitamin B6 name

A

Pyridoxine

118
Q

Pyridoxine function

A

Converted to pyridoxal phosphate, a cofactor used in: 1. Transamination (e.g ALT , AST), 2.decarboxylation reactions 3.glycogen phosphorylase
Synthesis of cystathionine, HEME, NIACIN, histamine and neurotransmitters including seretonin, epinephrin, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA

119
Q

Pyridoxime is converted to

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

120
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor used in:

A
  1. Trasnamination
  2. Decarboxylation
  3. Glycogen phosphorylase
121
Q

Pyridoxine-synthesis of

A

Cystathionine, heme, niacin, histamine, neurotransmitters

122
Q

Pyridoxine-neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin, epinephrin, norepinephrin, dopamine, GABA

124
Q

Pyridoxine deficiency

A
  1. Convulsions
  2. Hyperirritability
  3. Peripheral neuropathy (deficiency inducible by isoniazid and oral contraceptive)
  4. Sideroblastic anemias due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and iron excess
125
Q

B complex deficiency often result in

A

Dermatitis, glossitis disrrhea

126
Q

Ethanol to acetaldehyde reaction (and location

A
  1. CYTOSOL: Ethanol + (NAD+) –> acetaldehyde NADH (enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase)
  2. PEROXISOME: ethanol + H202 –> acetaldehyde + H20 (catalase)
  3. MICROSOME: ethanol + NADPH –> acetaldehyde + NADP+ + ROS
127
Q

Acetaldehyde to acetate reaction

A

Acetaldehyde +(NAD+) –> acetate + NADH (enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase)

128
Q

Acetaldehyde to acetate reaction - LOCATION

A

mitochondria

129
Q

The limiting reagent of ethanol metabolism

130
Q

Alcohol dehydrogenase rate

A

Zero order kinetics

131
Q

Fomepizole - mechanism of action

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor

132
Q

Alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor

A

Fomepizole

133
Q

Fomepizole clinical uses

A

Antidote for

  1. Methanol
  2. Ethlylene glycol
134
Q

Disulfiram mechanism of action

A

Inhibitor of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetaldehyde accumulates, contributing to hangover)

135
Q

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor

A

Disulfiram

136
Q

Which rate is increased by ethanol metabolism

137
Q

Ethanol metabolism increased NADH/NAD+ ration in liver causing

A
  1. Pyruvate –> lactate (lactic acidosis)
  2. Oxaloacetate –> malate ( prevents gluconeogenesis –> fasting hypoglycemia)
  3. Dihydroxyacetone - 3 - phosphate –> glycerol - 3 - phosphate (combines with fatty acids to make triglycerides–> hepatosteatosis)
138
Q

Additionally NADH/NAD increased ratio in alcoholics disfavors:

A

TCA production of NADH –> utilization of acetyl - coa for ketogenesis (ketoacidosis) and lipogenesis (hepatosteatosis)

139
Q

Ethanol metabolism/oxaloacetate to malate –>

A

Prevents gluconeogenesis….fasting hypoglycemia

140
Q

Hartnup disease - mode of inheritance

141
Q

Hartnup disease - manifestation

A

deficiency of neutral amino acid (eg. tryptophan transporters in proximal renal tubular cells and on enterocytes –> neutral aminoaciduria and decreased absorption from the gut –> decreased tryptophan for conversion to niacin –> pelagra like symptoms

142
Q

Hartnup disease - treatment

A
  1. high protein diet

2. nicotinic acid (niacin)

143
Q

B6 deficiency - peripheral neuropathy - deficiency inducible by

A
  1. isonizid

2. oral contraceptives

Biochemistry FA (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions