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Biochemistry FA > Metabolism, Enzymes > Flashcards

Metabolism, Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism in Mitochondria

A
  1. Fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation)
  2. Acetyl-CoA production
  3. TCA
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
  5. ketogenesis
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2
Q

Cytoplasm metalbolism

A
  1. Protein synthesis (RER)
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Fatty acid synthesis
  4. Steroid synthesis (SER)
  5. Cholesterol synthesis
  6. HMP shunt
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3
Q

Metabolism in both cytoplasm and mitochondria

A
  1. Urea cycle
  2. Heme synthesis
  3. Gluconeogenesis
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4
Q

Kinases

A

Enzyme that uses ATP to add high energy phosphate group onto substrate

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5
Q

Phosphorylase

A

Enzyme that adds inorganic phosphate onto substrate without ATP

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5
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

Catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions (pyruvate dehydrogenase)

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6
Q

Phosphatese

A

Enzyme that removes phosphate group from substrate

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7
Q

Hydroxylase

A

Adds hydroxyl group (-OH) onto substrate

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9
Q

Carboxylase

A

Transfer CO2 groups with the help of biotin

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9
Q

Site of HMP shunt

A

Cytoplasma

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10
Q

Mutase

A

Relocates a functional group within a molecule (vit b12 dependent methylmalonyl coa mutase)

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11
Q

Site of heme synthesis

A

Both cytoplasm and mitochondria

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12
Q

Acetyl coa production site

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Urea cycle site

A

Both cytoplasm and mitochondria

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14
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Both mitochondria and cytoplasm

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15
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

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16
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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17
Q

Rate-determining enzyme oF TCA

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

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19
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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20
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of HMP shunt

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

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21
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of De novo pyrimidine synthesis

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

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22
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of De novo purine synthesis

A

Glutamine - PRPP - amidotransferase

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23
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of Urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

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24
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl coa carboxylase

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25
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of fatty acid oxidation

A

Carnitine acyltransferase I

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26
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of ketogenesis

A

HMG-Coa synthase

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27
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of Cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG-Coa reductase

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29
Q

Rte-determining enzymes of metabolic processes - means

A

Irreversible

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29
Q

Phosphorofructokinase regulators

A

AMP+ ATP- Citrate- Fructose-2,6-biphosphate +

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30
Q

Fructose 1.6 biphosphatase regulators

A

ATP+ AMP - citrate + Fructose 2.6 biphosphatate -

31
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction

A

Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate

32
Q

Fructose 1.6 biphosphatase reaction

A

Fructose 1.6 biphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate

33
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase regulators

A

ADP+ ATP- NADH -

34
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase regulators

A
  1. Epinephrin + 2. ATP - 3. Glucagon + 4. ADP+
  2. Insulin - 6. Glucose -6-phosphate -
35
Q

Glycogen synthase regulators

A
  1. Glucose - phosphate +
  2. Insulin +
  3. Epinephrin -
  4. Glucagon -
  5. CORTISOL +
36
Q

G6PD reaction

A

Glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone

37
Q

G6PD regulators

A

NADP(+) +

NADPH -

38
Q

Rate determining enzyme of De novo pyrimidine synthesis

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase type II

39
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of De novo purine synthesis

A

Glutamine - PRPP - amidotransferase

40
Q

Glutamine - PRPP - amidotransferase regulators

A

AMP-
IMP-
GMP-

41
Q

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I regulators

A

N-acetylgutamate +

42
Q

HMG - coa reductase (cholesterol synthesis)

A

Insulin +
T4 +
Glucagon -
Cholesterol -

43
Q

HMG reductase reaction

A

HMG-coa to mevalonate

44
Q

Acetyl coa carboxylase regulators

A

Insulin +
Citrate +
Glicagon-
PALMITOYL - COA -

45
Q

Carnitine acyltranserase I (fatty acid oxidation) regulator

A

Malonyl - coa -

46
Q

ATP production

A

Malate-aspartate shuttle - 32 ATP
Glycerol-3-P shuttle - 30 ATP
Anaerobic glycolysis - 2 ATP

47
Q

Arsenic/ATP production

A

Arsenic causes glycolysis to produce zero net ATP/replace Pi

48
Q

ATP function

A

ATP hydrolysis can be couples to energetically unfavorable reactions

50
Q

Malate-aspartate shuttle - tissue and ATP number

A

Heart and liver (32ATP)

50
Q

Nicotinamides:

A

NAD+ (vitamin B3)

NADP+

51
Q

Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle - tissue and ATP number

A

Muscle (30ATP)

52
Q

Flavin nucleotides

A

FAD+ (vitamin B2)

53
Q

NAD+ is generally used in

A

Catabolic process to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH

54
Q

NADPH is a product of

A

HMP shunt

55
Q

NADPH is used in

A
  1. Anabolic process (steroids and fatty acid synthesis) as a supply of reducing equivalents
  2. Respiratory burst
  3. Cytochrome P-450
  4. Glutathiome reductase
56
Q

ATP carries

A

Phosphorl groups

57
Q

Coa , lipoamide carry

A

Acyl groups

58
Q

NADH, NADPH, FADH2 carry

A

Electrons

59
Q

Biotin carries

A

CO2

60
Q

SAM carries

A

CH3 groups

61
Q

Tetrahydrofolate carries

A

1-carbon unit

62
Q

TPP carries

A

Aldehydes

63
Q

First step of glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation of glucose (glucose -6-P)

64
Q

First step for glycogen synthesis

A

Phosphorylation of glucose (glucose -6-P)

65
Q

Glucose to glucose-6-P (enzyme)

A

Hexokinase or glucokinase depending on tissue.
Low glucose concentration - hexokinase
High glucose concentration - glucokinase

66
Q

Hexokinase differ to glucokinase in

A
  1. Location 2. Km. 3. Vm. 4. Induction by insulin 5. Feedback inhibited by glucose-6-P 6. Gene mutation associated with maturity - onset diabetes of young
68
Q

Hexokinase vs Glucokinase according to location

A

Hexokinase –> Most tissues bit not liver and cell pancreas

Glucokinase –> Liver and β cells of pancreas

69
Q

Hexokinase vs Glucokinase according to Km

A

Lower –> hexokinase

Glucokinase –> higher

69
Q

Hexokinase or glucokinase is induced by insulin

A

Glucokinase

70
Q

Hexokinase vs Glucokinase according to Vmax

A

hexokinase –> Lower

Glucokinase –> higher

71
Q

Hexokinase or glucokinase is feedback inhibited by glucose -6-P

A

Hexokinase

72
Q

Hexokinase or glucokinase is associated with gene mutation of MODY

A

Glucokinase

73
Q

Hexokinase or glucokinase is associated fructose -6-P negative regulation

A

Glucokinase

74
Q

Hexokinase regulation

A

Glucose 6-P -

75
Q

Glucokinase regulation

A

Fructose-6-P -

Biochemistry FA (16 decks)

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