Vitamins

Question 1

What are the lipid soluble vitamins?

Answer 1

ADKE

Question 2

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 2

BC

Question 3

What are the functions of Vit A?

Answer 3

Visual cycle-Rhodopsin and cone opsins
Retinoic acid
antioxidant

Question 4

What occurs with Vit A deficiency?

Answer 4

Night blindness (early) Xerophthalmia (advanced)--thickening of the conjunctiva---leading to keratomalacia (destruction of the eye)
follicular hyperkeratosis
anemia
poor growth in children
increased risk of infection and cancer

Question 5

What occurs with Vit A toxicity?

Answer 5

Vit A accummulates in the liver

Sym–nausea/diarrhea/bone pain/scaly skin/orange skin

Question 6

What are the functions of Vit D?

Answer 6

maintaining bone
Ca homeostasis
acts as hormone

Question 7

What occurs with Vit D deficiency?

Answer 7

Rickets–children—-soft, pliable bones
osteomalacia–adults—loss of minerals from preexisting bone
increased susceptibility to breast and other cancers/metabolic syndrome/diabetes/infection

Question 8

What occurs with Vit D toxicity?

Answer 8

Rare—high serum levels of calcium and bone loss

Question 9

What are the functions of Vit K?

Answer 9

localization of enzymes required for blood clotting

helps catalyze addition of g-carboxyglutamate to clotting enzymes

Question 10

What occurs with Vit K deficiency? Who are susceptible?

Answer 10

easy bruising/bleeding/hemorrhage

Newborn infants–lack intestinal bac to make Vit K and are susceptible to brain bleeds
Long term antibiotic pts–can kill intestinal bac
elderly

Question 11

What does Warfarin block in blood clotting cascade?

Answer 11

VKORC1–which is responsible to provide a continuous source of the KH2 form of Vit K

Question 12

What are the functions of Vit E?

Answer 12

Antioxidant–scavenger of free radicals
protect membrane from damage–located in ALL cell and organelle membranes—–a-tocopherol suited to intercepting free radicals and preventing a chain reaction of lipid destruction
prevents oxidation of LDL

Family of structures—tocopherols and tocotrienols

Question 13

What occurs with Vit E deficiency? Who are susceptible?

Answer 13

Cardiovascular Dz
Neurological symptoms

Pts with severe prolonged defects in absorption/genetic defects

Question 14

What are the functions of Vit C (ascorbic acid)?

Answer 14

Cofactor for oxidases involved in collagen formation–proline–>lysine hydroxylation
Required for synthesis of steroids in stress response
Aids absorption of iron
antioxidant

Question 15

What occurs with Vit C deficiency? Who are susceptible?

Answer 15

Mild- bruising/immunocompromise
severe- Scurvy–decreased wound healing/osteoporosis/hemorrhage (corkscrew & pinpoint) /anemia/fatigue

Ppl with poor diet and smokers
Pts being treated with long-term aspirin/oral contraceptives/corticosteroids

Question 16

What are the energy releasing B-complex vitamins?

Answer 16

Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Biotin (B7)
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Pyridoxine (B6)

Question 17

What are the hematopoietic B-complex vitamins?

Answer 17

Folate (B9)

Cobalamin (B12)

Question 18

What are common effects of deficiencies in energy-releasing B vits?

Answer 18

Syms in rapidly growing tissues first–skin/GI

Nervous system also affected—peripheral neuropathy/depression/confusion/lack of coordination/malaise

Question 19

What are the functions of Thiamine (B1)?

Answer 19

Required cofactor for several enzymes in cellular energy metabolism
Critical in nervous system

Question 20

What occurs in Thiamine (B1) deficiency?

Answer 20

Mild- GI symptoms/depression/fatigue
Moderate- Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome—chronic alcoholics—mental distrubance/unsteady gate/uncoordinated eye movement/sometimes CHF
Severe- BeriBeri—-extreme muscle weakness/poly-neuropathy/heart failure—rice dependent diet

Thiamine is not stored in the body and deficiencies can occur quickly when the diet is inadequate

Question 21

What are the functions of Riboflavin (B2)?

Answer 21

Precursor of FAD and FMN–key coenzymes for redox reactions involved in energy metabolism

Question 22

What occurs in Riboflavin(B2) deficiency?

Answer 22

Ariboflavinosis–rash around nose/inflam of mouth and tongue/buring and itchy eyes/light sensitivity

Question 23

What are the functions of Niacin(B3)? And who is it given to for supplementation?

Answer 23

Precursor of NAD and NADP—coenzymes important in redox reactions of energy metabolism

Pts with hypercholesterolemia/hypertriglyceridemia

Question 24

What occurs in Niacin(B3) deficiency? who’s at risk?

Answer 24

Pellagra–dermatitis(RED NECK)/diarrhea/mental symptoms
–treated with tryptophan/niacin supplementation

Pts with corn/millet based diets

Question 25

What are the functions of Biotin(B7)?

Answer 25

Coenzyme for several carboxylases

Question 26

What occurs in a Biotin (B7) deficiency?

Answer 26

Rare—caused by eating a lot of raw eggs

Question 27

What are the functions of Pantothenic acid (B5)?

Answer 27

Required for the synthesis of CoA–required for TCA cycle and metabolism of all fats and proteins

Question 28

What are the functions of pyridoxine (B6)?

Answer 28

Precursor of pyridoxin phosphate (PLP) enzyme cofactor

Required for glycogen breakdown and synthesis of GABA and heme

Question 29

What occurs in Pyridoxine(B7) deficiency?

Answer 29

Mild- irritability/nervousness/depression

Severe- peripheral neuropathy/convulsions/decreased glucose tolerace/hyperhomocysteinemia (CV risk)/anemia