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U8 MCP > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of Folate (B9)?

A

precursor of tetrahydrofolate–coenzyme involved in generating precursors for DNA and protein synthesis

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2
Q

What occurs in Folate (B9) deficiency?

A

Neural tube defects in neowborns
Macrocytic anemia
hyperhomocysteinemia (CV risk)

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3
Q

What are the functions of Cobalamin (B12)?

A

coenzyme in methionine synthesis and in conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA

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4
Q

What occurs in Cobalamin (B12) deficiency?

A

Pernicous anemia–megaloblastic anemia with demyelination

Marcrocytic anemia–arises from decreased DNA and RNA synthesis—cells increase in size without dividing and do NOT carry O2 well

Intrinsic factor need for absorption in distal ileum

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5
Q

What are the functions of Calcium?

A 
Major component of bone
signaling
coagulation
muscle contraction
neurotrasnission
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6
Q

What occurs in a Calcium deficiency?

A

Mild- muscle crampls/osteoporosis

Severe- rickets

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7
Q

What are the functions of Magnesium?

A

Essential for many enzymes using MgATP as substrate

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8
Q

What occurs in Magnesium deficiency? and who is susceptible?

A

weakness/tremors/cardiac arrhythmia

Alcoholics and pts taking diuretics or severe vomiting and diarrhea

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9
Q

What are the functions of Phosphorus?

A

Major component of bone (hydroxyapatitie)
constituent of nucleic acids and membrane lipids
required in all energy producing reactions

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10
Q

What occurs in phosphorus deficiency?

A

Rare–rickets/muscle weakness and breakdown/seizure

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11
Q

What are the functions of Iron?

A

O2/CO2 transport in Hb
oxphos
cofactor in several nonhdme iron proteins and cytochromes

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12
Q

What occurs in iron deficiency? who is susceptible?

A

Microcytic hypochrmic anemia
decreased immunity

children and menstruating/pregnant women

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13
Q

What promotes reduction of Fe3–> Fe2?

A

Vit C

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14
Q

What are the two major barriers to iron absorption?

A

1) release of Fe3 from food

2) availability of reducing agent to convert Fe3–> Fe2

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of iron-deficient anemia?

A

Microcytic anemia—less Hb is produced and RBCs undergo more cell division in bone marrow waiting for Hb synthesis

Fatigue/pallor/weakness/dizziness

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16
Q

What occurs in Iron toxicity?

A

Long term- Hemochromatosis–iron overload leads to iron deposits in multiple tissues–compromised liver/pancreatic and cardiac function

Acute- Iron overdose in children—-most common cause of death due to toxicity in children under 6

17
Q

What are the functions of Copper?

A

assists iron absorption through ceruloplasmin

Cofactor for enzymes required in collagen synthesis/fatty acid metabolism/elimination of ROS

18
Q

What occurs in Copper deficiency? Who is susceptible?

A

Anemia
hypercholesterolemia–loss of C18, ∆9-desaturase
fragility of large arteries—defect in collagen biosynthesis–lysyl oxidase needs Cu and Vit C
bone demineralization—defect in collagen biosynthesis–lysyl oxidase needs Cu and Vit C
demyelination

Menkes syndrome pts–mutation in Cu transporter ATP7A
Pts who consume excessive zinc–competes with copper

19
Q

What helps oxidation of Fe2–> Fe3

A

Copper—to help it bind to transferrin for distribution

20
Q

What is Wilson’s dz?

A

Mutations in ATP7B—resulting in copper overload

–not sequestered properly and accumulates in liver–liver failure and cancer

21
Q

What are the functions of Zinc?

A

Cofactor for over 300 metalloenzymes

plays a structural role in many proteins–Zn finger domain

22
Q

What occurs in Zinc deficiency?

A 
Poor wound healing
dermatitis---earliest symptom---scaly dermatitis 
reduced taste acuity
poor growth
impaired sexual development in children
23
Q

What are the functions of Chromium?

A

Component of chromodulin–facilitates insulin binding to its receptor

24
Q

What occurs in Chromium deficiency?

A

Impaired glucose tolerance

25
Q

What are the functions of Iodine?

A

Incorporated into Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

Regulates basal metabolism

26
Q

What occurs in Iodine deficiency?

A

Goiter-enlarged thyroid gland–low iodine stimulates TSH–stimulate thyroid growth
Hyperthyroidism or hypothyrodism

27
Q

What are the functions of Selenium?

A

Component of antioxidant enzymes

Component of deiodinase enzymes involved in T3 and T4 metabolism

28
Q

What occurs in Selenium deficiency?

A

Keshan dz
Cardiomyopathy
cretinism

29
Q

What are the most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in children?

A

Iron and Calcium

30
Q

What are the most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in teenagers?

A

calcium and magnesium

Vit A, C, B6

31
Q

What are the most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in Women?

A

Iron, calcium, magnesium

Vit B6 and B9

32
Q

What are the most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in Elderly?

A

Vits B6, 12, D

Zinc and Chromium

33
Q

What are the most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in Alcoholics?

A

Multiple deficiencies but especially– folate/B6/thiamine

U8 MCP (10 decks)

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