Minerals Flashcards
What are the functions of Folate (B9)?
precursor of tetrahydrofolate–coenzyme involved in generating precursors for DNA and protein synthesis
What occurs in Folate (B9) deficiency?
Neural tube defects in neowborns
Macrocytic anemia
hyperhomocysteinemia (CV risk)
What are the functions of Cobalamin (B12)?
coenzyme in methionine synthesis and in conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
What occurs in Cobalamin (B12) deficiency?
Pernicous anemia–megaloblastic anemia with demyelination
Marcrocytic anemia–arises from decreased DNA and RNA synthesis—cells increase in size without dividing and do NOT carry O2 well
Intrinsic factor need for absorption in distal ileum
What are the functions of Calcium?
Major component of bone signaling coagulation muscle contraction neurotrasnission
What occurs in a Calcium deficiency?
Mild- muscle crampls/osteoporosis
Severe- rickets
What are the functions of Magnesium?
Essential for many enzymes using MgATP as substrate
What occurs in Magnesium deficiency? and who is susceptible?
weakness/tremors/cardiac arrhythmia
Alcoholics and pts taking diuretics or severe vomiting and diarrhea
What are the functions of Phosphorus?
Major component of bone (hydroxyapatitie)
constituent of nucleic acids and membrane lipids
required in all energy producing reactions
What occurs in phosphorus deficiency?
Rare–rickets/muscle weakness and breakdown/seizure
What are the functions of Iron?
O2/CO2 transport in Hb
oxphos
cofactor in several nonhdme iron proteins and cytochromes
What occurs in iron deficiency? who is susceptible?
Microcytic hypochrmic anemia
decreased immunity
children and menstruating/pregnant women
What promotes reduction of Fe3–> Fe2?
Vit C
What are the two major barriers to iron absorption?
1) release of Fe3 from food
2) availability of reducing agent to convert Fe3–> Fe2
What are the characteristics of iron-deficient anemia?
Microcytic anemia—less Hb is produced and RBCs undergo more cell division in bone marrow waiting for Hb synthesis
Fatigue/pallor/weakness/dizziness
What occurs in Iron toxicity?
Long term- Hemochromatosis–iron overload leads to iron deposits in multiple tissues–compromised liver/pancreatic and cardiac function
Acute- Iron overdose in children—-most common cause of death due to toxicity in children under 6
What are the functions of Copper?
assists iron absorption through ceruloplasmin
Cofactor for enzymes required in collagen synthesis/fatty acid metabolism/elimination of ROS
What occurs in Copper deficiency? Who is susceptible?
Anemia
hypercholesterolemia–loss of C18, ∆9-desaturase
fragility of large arteries—defect in collagen biosynthesis–lysyl oxidase needs Cu and Vit C
bone demineralization—defect in collagen biosynthesis–lysyl oxidase needs Cu and Vit C
demyelination
Menkes syndrome pts–mutation in Cu transporter ATP7A
Pts who consume excessive zinc–competes with copper
What helps oxidation of Fe2–> Fe3
Copper—to help it bind to transferrin for distribution
What is Wilson’s dz?
Mutations in ATP7B—resulting in copper overload
–not sequestered properly and accumulates in liver–liver failure and cancer
What are the functions of Zinc?
Cofactor for over 300 metalloenzymes
plays a structural role in many proteins–Zn finger domain
What occurs in Zinc deficiency?
Poor wound healing dermatitis---earliest symptom---scaly dermatitis reduced taste acuity poor growth impaired sexual development in children
What are the functions of Chromium?
Component of chromodulin–facilitates insulin binding to its receptor
What occurs in Chromium deficiency?
Impaired glucose tolerance
What are the functions of Iodine?
Incorporated into Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
Regulates basal metabolism
What occurs in Iodine deficiency?
Goiter-enlarged thyroid gland–low iodine stimulates TSH–stimulate thyroid growth
Hyperthyroidism or hypothyrodism
What are the functions of Selenium?
Component of antioxidant enzymes
Component of deiodinase enzymes involved in T3 and T4 metabolism
What occurs in Selenium deficiency?
Keshan dz
Cardiomyopathy
cretinism
What are the most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in children?
Iron and Calcium
What are the most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in teenagers?
calcium and magnesium
Vit A, C, B6
What are the most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in Women?
Iron, calcium, magnesium
Vit B6 and B9
What are the most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in Elderly?
Vits B6, 12, D
Zinc and Chromium
What are the most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in Alcoholics?
Multiple deficiencies but especially– folate/B6/thiamine
