Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamin A

Answer 1

Differentiation of specialized tissue 
Prevent Squamous metaplasia 
Rx: Measles + APML 
Def= Night blindness
Teratogenic

Question 2

B1= thiamine

Answer 2

Cofactor for ATP synthesis (ketogluterate, Transketolase, Pyruvate DH, branched chain AA dh)
Def= impaired glucose breakdown
Wernicke= confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
Korsakoff= Confabulation, permanent memory loss (MBs)
Dry beriberi= Peripheral neuropathy
Wet beriberi= High output cardiac failure

Question 3

B2 riboflavin

Answer 3

Cofactor in oxidation/ reduction rxns (FAD)

def= Cheilosis (lip inflam) + corneal vascularization (MD)

Question 4

B3 niacin

Answer 4

Derived from Trp & requires B6 as cofactor for synthesis
Hartnup disease= dec Trp reabsorption
Carcinoid syndrome + INH (low B6) = Pellagra
Excess= FLUSHING + given to Increased HDL (aspirin)

Question 5

B6 pyridoxine

Answer 5

Cofactor for transamination/ decarboxylation (AST/ALT)
Synthesis of heme, Niacin, histamine NTs (5HT, NE, GABA)
Def= INH = per Neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia, excess Fe

Question 6

B7 Biotin

Answer 6

Cofactor for carboxylation or 1 carbon transfers

def= Antibiotic use or RAW EGGS

Question 7

B9 Folate

Answer 7

Converted to THF a conenzyme for 1-carbon transfers/methylation
No Neuro symptoms compared to B12
Def= Phenytoin, Sulfas, MTX, ETOH, pregnancy

Question 8

B12 cobalamin

Answer 8

cofactor for Homocysteine methyltransferase
Def= sprue, enteritis, Diphyllobothrium latum, Chrons, Pernicous anemia
Schilling test to determine Etiology of Def

Question 9

S-adenosyl- methionine (SAM)

Answer 9

Transferes methyl groups (methionine)

Required for NE–> Epi

Question 10

Vit C (Ascorbic acid)

Answer 10

Antioxidant, Iron absorption, DA–> NE
Def= Scurvy (collagen defects= bleeding gums, hemarthrosis)
Excess= Iron toxicity

Question 11

Vit D (cacliferol)

Answer 11

Absorb Ca/ Phosphate, bone mineralization
Low in breast milk
Histiocytes of Granulomas activate Vit D

Question 12

Vit E

Answer 12

Antioxidant, protects RBC membrane from free radicals

Def= Hemolytic anemia, Post column/spinocerebellar demyelination

Question 13

Vit K

Answer 13

gamma Carboxylation of glutamic acid residues
Factors: II, VII, IX, X, C, S
Def= neonatal hem (sterile intestinal flora), Prolonged Antibiotic use,
NOT in Breast Milk

Question 14

Zinc

Answer 14

Activity of enzymes

Def= Anosmia, dysgeusia (no taste), Delayed wound healing, Hypogonadism

Question 15

Vitamin required for the decarboxylation of Glutamic acid to GABA? def causes Seizures.

Answer 15

B6 pyridoxine

Question 16

What vitamin is required for Carboxylation and what is required for Decarboxylation?

Answer 16

Carboxylation = Biotin 
Decarboxylation = Thiamin + Lipoic acid

Question 17

Biotin is involved in the carboxylation of what?

Answer 17

Pyruvate (Pyruvate –> OAA)
Acetyl CoA (AcoA–> Malonyl CoA)
Propionyl CoA –> Methylmalonyl CoA

Question 18

What mineral is needed for oxidative metabolism, NT synthesis, and collagen synthesis?

Answer 18

Copper

Question 19

What mineral is a component of Glutathione peroxidase?

Answer 19

Selenium

Question 20

Mineral def:
Copper
Selenium
Zinc

Answer 20

Cu –> CNS defect, abnormal collagen cross-links
Selenium -> Cardiomyopathy
Zinc–> Growth retardation, impaired wound healing,