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vitamins Flashcards

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1
Q

most vitamins are gotten through

A

diet

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2
Q

how are vitamins synthesized

A

normal flora

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3
Q

vitamin deficiency and toxicity lead to

A

liver and kidney damage

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4
Q

the demand of vitamins changes

A

throughout life

ex. pregnancy
women have higher demands for vitamins than men

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5
Q

vitamins classified by

A

solubility

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6
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B complex, C and folic acid

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7
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

D,A, K, E

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8
Q

water soluble

A

in extracellular fluids

-easily cleared by kidney
-normally toxicity not seen

only use amount needed and excrete the rest

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9
Q

fat soluble

A

-need carrier molecules to transport in body
-stored in fat and liver= released slowly

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10
Q

vitamin A

A

good for perpihral vision, night vision, cell repair, and immune function

family: retinoids

increase B and T cell function
maintain cellular integrity
oils in skin

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11
Q

3 forms of vitamin A

A

-retinol
-retinal
-retinoic acid

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12
Q

how to get vitamin A

A

from foods with beta keratin base such as carrots or yellow veggies

beta keratin is converted to retinol in intestines and transported to liver and taken rods of eyes

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13
Q

vitamin A deficiency

A

1) poor nutrition
2) intestinal issues ex. crones disease

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14
Q

vitamin A toxicity

A

-rare

too many carrots

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15
Q

vitamin D

A

essential bone development/maintenance

essential for maintaining phosphorus and calcium levels

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16
Q

what does vitamin D work in conjunction with

A

parathyroid hormone

increases calcium absorption and regulation

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17
Q

ways to get vitamin D

A

food and sunlight

can be vitamin D deficient in northern hemisphere

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18
Q

forms of vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol

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19
Q

active form of vit. D

A

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

activated in kidney

-helps with increase calcium level and decrease phosphorus levels (inverse relationship)

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20
Q

PTH is turned on for more

A

calcium

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21
Q

active vitamin D and PTH

A

increase together and decrease together

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22
Q

vitamin D deficiency

A

nutritional– Rickets
kidney disease :activated in kidney
hypoparathyroidism-kickstart with hormone
anti seizure medication
menopause

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23
Q

rickets

A

skeletal formation: need sunlight

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24
Q

vitamin D toxicity

A

hyperparathyroidism
-nonmalignant disroder
increases Vitamin D and calcium

decreases phosphorus

doctor has to remove disease gland

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25
Q

vitamin K

A

essential to coag factors

-needed to convert precursors into active form and allow clotting

factors made in liver with vitamin K

liver dysfunction leads to bleeding

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26
Q

vitamin k is synthesized by

A

intestinal bacteria

27
Q

on antibiotics for long time

A

inhibited ability to clot
because normal flora is killed by antibiotics=no intestinal flora= no factors

28
Q

oral clotting/ anti-coag

A

must watch vitamin K intake– leads to hypercoagulation

29
Q

breast milk

A

no vitamin k= deficiency

30
Q

vitamin E

A

-powerful anti-oxidant
-cellular repair
-aids in lowering LDL levels (people should take with satins)

31
Q

what is most active form of vitamin E

A

Alpha Tacophenyl

32
Q

where is vitamin E absorbed

A

intestine

33
Q

vitamin E deficiency

A

low birth weight babies
cellular damage
increased platelet aggregation– leads to decrease blood flow

34
Q

mega doses of vitamin E (recommended?)

A

vascular peripheral disease

downside: interfere with absorption of vitamin E and K

35
Q

what disease can vitamin E help slow progression

A

Alzheimer’s disease

36
Q

vitamin B complex

A

great in healing
-cellular repair

37
Q

B1

A

name: thiamine
coenzyme in almost all metabolic functions

38
Q

B1 deficiency

A

Beriberi
-weight loss
-heart failure

39
Q

where is B1 found in

A

grains

40
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Name: riboflavin

involved in oxidative reductive processes in body

41
Q

what interferes with vitamin B2 absorption

A

oral contraceptives

42
Q

vitamin B6

A

name: pyridoxine

important: brain functions
-helps with depression
-mood swings PMS

43
Q

who should take B6

A

post menopausal women because they have decrease in estrogen

44
Q

decrease in vitamin B6

A

sideroblastic anemia: defect in heme synthesis

45
Q

what will you see in lowered vitamin B6 smear

A

siderocytes with iron granules

stained: prussian blue

46
Q

vitamin b12

A

name: cobalamin

from animal products: meat, eggs, dairy

vegans- deficiency

coenzyme for enzymatic rxns

47
Q

vitamin b12 important for

A

repairing DNA
repair cells
repair platelet and WBC membrane
myelin sheath in tact

48
Q

when vitamin b12 absorbed becomes

A

bound to intrinsic factor

49
Q

what produces intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

IF produced by these cells essential in absorption and transport of vitamin B12

50
Q

inabsorption of B12

A

pernicious anemia

51
Q

causes of pernicious anemia

A

-body doesn’t produce enough intrinsic factor
-antibodies against intrinsic factor
-antibodies to parietal cells

52
Q

people with decreases B12

A

megaloblastic anemia– hypersegmented neutrophils seen

53
Q

how to test for b12 defi

A

homocysteine and methylmalonyl -CoA

B12 needed for breakdown of these and when no VB12 is present there will be an increase in both

54
Q

folic acid (folate)

A

almost always VB12 and folate act together

folate stored in RBCs (NO HEMOLYZED specimen)

55
Q

what does folic acid decrease

A

incidents in neural tube defects

56
Q

where do we get folic acid from

A

citris, orange juice, oranges

57
Q

folate deficiencies

A

neutrophil hypersegmentation

58
Q

vitamin b3

A

name: niacin

breakdown of tryptophan–makes sleepy

helps reduction
-cholesterol levels
-some components of LDL

59
Q

what component of LDL does VB3 decrease

A

Lpa– if you have high levels increased risk of cardiac disease

you need mega doses to decrease Lpa

60
Q

high dose of VB3 causes

A

-major flushing of skin (face)
-worsen diabetes
-neurological disorders

61
Q

VB3 (niacin) deficiency

A

-Pellagra

FOUR D’s
-dermatitis
-diarrhea
-dementia
-death

62
Q

vitamin C

A

name: ascorbic acid

-good in iron absorption
-immune health
-water soluble

oxidizing agent
-interfere with testing in lab
-cause false negative

anti-oxidant is powerful

63
Q

vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy
symptoms: gums bleeding, swollen tongues

Pitki- red bumps of skin

64
Q

high doses of vitamin C

A

buildup of vitamin C= back pain from formation of kidney stones

Renal Calculi– high risk

chem (5 decks)

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