vitamins Flashcards
most vitamins are gotten through
diet
how are vitamins synthesized
normal flora
vitamin deficiency and toxicity lead to
liver and kidney damage
the demand of vitamins changes
throughout life
ex. pregnancy
women have higher demands for vitamins than men
vitamins classified by
solubility
water soluble vitamins
B complex, C and folic acid
fat soluble vitamins
D,A, K, E
water soluble
in extracellular fluids
-easily cleared by kidney
-normally toxicity not seen
only use amount needed and excrete the rest
fat soluble
-need carrier molecules to transport in body
-stored in fat and liver= released slowly
vitamin A
good for perpihral vision, night vision, cell repair, and immune function
family: retinoids
increase B and T cell function
maintain cellular integrity
oils in skin
3 forms of vitamin A
-retinol
-retinal
-retinoic acid
how to get vitamin A
from foods with beta keratin base such as carrots or yellow veggies
beta keratin is converted to retinol in intestines and transported to liver and taken rods of eyes
vitamin A deficiency
1) poor nutrition
2) intestinal issues ex. crones disease
vitamin A toxicity
-rare
too many carrots
vitamin D
essential bone development/maintenance
essential for maintaining phosphorus and calcium levels
what does vitamin D work in conjunction with
parathyroid hormone
increases calcium absorption and regulation
ways to get vitamin D
food and sunlight
can be vitamin D deficient in northern hemisphere
forms of vitamin D
cholecalciferol
active form of vit. D
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
activated in kidney
-helps with increase calcium level and decrease phosphorus levels (inverse relationship)
PTH is turned on for more
calcium
active vitamin D and PTH
increase together and decrease together
vitamin D deficiency
nutritional– Rickets
kidney disease :activated in kidney
hypoparathyroidism-kickstart with hormone
anti seizure medication
menopause
rickets
skeletal formation: need sunlight
vitamin D toxicity
hyperparathyroidism
-nonmalignant disroder
increases Vitamin D and calcium
decreases phosphorus
doctor has to remove disease gland
vitamin K
essential to coag factors
-needed to convert precursors into active form and allow clotting
factors made in liver with vitamin K
liver dysfunction leads to bleeding
vitamin k is synthesized by
intestinal bacteria
on antibiotics for long time
inhibited ability to clot
because normal flora is killed by antibiotics=no intestinal flora= no factors
oral clotting/ anti-coag
must watch vitamin K intake– leads to hypercoagulation
breast milk
no vitamin k= deficiency
vitamin E
-powerful anti-oxidant
-cellular repair
-aids in lowering LDL levels (people should take with satins)
what is most active form of vitamin E
Alpha Tacophenyl
where is vitamin E absorbed
intestine
vitamin E deficiency
low birth weight babies
cellular damage
increased platelet aggregation– leads to decrease blood flow
mega doses of vitamin E (recommended?)
vascular peripheral disease
downside: interfere with absorption of vitamin E and K
what disease can vitamin E help slow progression
Alzheimer’s disease
vitamin B complex
great in healing
-cellular repair
B1
name: thiamine
coenzyme in almost all metabolic functions
B1 deficiency
Beriberi
-weight loss
-heart failure
where is B1 found in
grains
Vitamin B2
Name: riboflavin
involved in oxidative reductive processes in body
what interferes with vitamin B2 absorption
oral contraceptives
vitamin B6
name: pyridoxine
important: brain functions
-helps with depression
-mood swings PMS
who should take B6
post menopausal women because they have decrease in estrogen
decrease in vitamin B6
sideroblastic anemia: defect in heme synthesis
what will you see in lowered vitamin B6 smear
siderocytes with iron granules
stained: prussian blue
vitamin b12
name: cobalamin
from animal products: meat, eggs, dairy
vegans- deficiency
coenzyme for enzymatic rxns
vitamin b12 important for
repairing DNA
repair cells
repair platelet and WBC membrane
myelin sheath in tact
when vitamin b12 absorbed becomes
bound to intrinsic factor
what produces intrinsic factor
parietal cells
IF produced by these cells essential in absorption and transport of vitamin B12
inabsorption of B12
pernicious anemia
causes of pernicious anemia
-body doesn’t produce enough intrinsic factor
-antibodies against intrinsic factor
-antibodies to parietal cells
people with decreases B12
megaloblastic anemia– hypersegmented neutrophils seen
how to test for b12 defi
homocysteine and methylmalonyl -CoA
B12 needed for breakdown of these and when no VB12 is present there will be an increase in both
folic acid (folate)
almost always VB12 and folate act together
folate stored in RBCs (NO HEMOLYZED specimen)
what does folic acid decrease
incidents in neural tube defects
where do we get folic acid from
citris, orange juice, oranges
folate deficiencies
neutrophil hypersegmentation
vitamin b3
name: niacin
breakdown of tryptophan–makes sleepy
helps reduction
-cholesterol levels
-some components of LDL
what component of LDL does VB3 decrease
Lpa– if you have high levels increased risk of cardiac disease
you need mega doses to decrease Lpa
high dose of VB3 causes
-major flushing of skin (face)
-worsen diabetes
-neurological disorders
VB3 (niacin) deficiency
-Pellagra
FOUR D’s
-dermatitis
-diarrhea
-dementia
-death
vitamin C
name: ascorbic acid
-good in iron absorption
-immune health
-water soluble
oxidizing agent
-interfere with testing in lab
-cause false negative
anti-oxidant is powerful
vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
symptoms: gums bleeding, swollen tongues
Pitki- red bumps of skin
high doses of vitamin C
buildup of vitamin C= back pain from formation of kidney stones
Renal Calculi– high risk
