vitamins

Question 1

most vitamins are gotten through

Answer 1

diet

Question 2

how are vitamins synthesized

Answer 2

normal flora

Question 3

vitamin deficiency and toxicity lead to

Answer 3

liver and kidney damage

Question 4

the demand of vitamins changes

Answer 4

throughout life

ex. pregnancy
women have higher demands for vitamins than men

Question 5

vitamins classified by

Answer 5

solubility

Question 6

water soluble vitamins

Answer 6

B complex, C and folic acid

Question 7

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 7

D,A, K, E

Question 8

water soluble

Answer 8

in extracellular fluids

-easily cleared by kidney
-normally toxicity not seen

only use amount needed and excrete the rest

Question 9

fat soluble

Answer 9

-need carrier molecules to transport in body
-stored in fat and liver= released slowly

Question 10

vitamin A

Answer 10

good for perpihral vision, night vision, cell repair, and immune function

family: retinoids

increase B and T cell function
maintain cellular integrity
oils in skin

Question 11

3 forms of vitamin A

Answer 11

-retinol
-retinal
-retinoic acid

Question 12

how to get vitamin A

Answer 12

from foods with beta keratin base such as carrots or yellow veggies

beta keratin is converted to retinol in intestines and transported to liver and taken rods of eyes

Question 13

vitamin A deficiency

Answer 13

1) poor nutrition
2) intestinal issues ex. crones disease

Question 14

vitamin A toxicity

Answer 14

-rare

too many carrots

Question 15

vitamin D

Answer 15

essential bone development/maintenance

essential for maintaining phosphorus and calcium levels

Question 16

what does vitamin D work in conjunction with

Answer 16

parathyroid hormone

increases calcium absorption and regulation

Question 17

ways to get vitamin D

Answer 17

food and sunlight

can be vitamin D deficient in northern hemisphere

Question 18

forms of vitamin D

Answer 18

cholecalciferol

Question 19

active form of vit. D

Answer 19

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

activated in kidney

-helps with increase calcium level and decrease phosphorus levels (inverse relationship)

Question 20

PTH is turned on for more

Answer 20

calcium

Question 21

active vitamin D and PTH

Answer 21

increase together and decrease together

Question 22

vitamin D deficiency

Answer 22

nutritional– Rickets
kidney disease :activated in kidney
hypoparathyroidism-kickstart with hormone
anti seizure medication
menopause

Question 23

rickets

Answer 23

skeletal formation: need sunlight

Question 24

vitamin D toxicity

Answer 24

hyperparathyroidism
-nonmalignant disroder
increases Vitamin D and calcium

decreases phosphorus

doctor has to remove disease gland

Question 25

vitamin K

Answer 25

essential to coag factors -needed to convert precursors into active form and allow clotting factors made in liver with vitamin K liver dysfunction leads to bleeding

Question 26

vitamin k is synthesized by

Answer 26

intestinal bacteria

Question 27

on antibiotics for long time

Answer 27

inhibited ability to clot because normal flora is killed by antibiotics=no intestinal flora= no factors

Question 28

oral clotting/ anti-coag

Answer 28

must watch vitamin K intake-- leads to hypercoagulation

Question 29

breast milk

Answer 29

no vitamin k= deficiency

Question 30

vitamin E

Answer 30

-powerful anti-oxidant -cellular repair -aids in lowering LDL levels (people should take with satins)

Question 31

what is most active form of vitamin E

Answer 31

Alpha Tacophenyl

Question 32

where is vitamin E absorbed

Answer 32

intestine

Question 33

vitamin E deficiency

Answer 33

low birth weight babies cellular damage increased platelet aggregation-- leads to decrease blood flow

Question 34

mega doses of vitamin E (recommended?)

Answer 34

vascular peripheral disease downside: interfere with absorption of vitamin E and K

Question 35

what disease can vitamin E help slow progression

Answer 35

Alzheimer's disease

Question 36

vitamin B complex

Answer 36

great in healing -cellular repair

Question 37

B1

Answer 37

name: thiamine coenzyme in almost all metabolic functions

Question 38

B1 deficiency

Answer 38

Beriberi -weight loss -heart failure

Question 39

where is B1 found in

Answer 39

grains

Question 40

Vitamin B2

Answer 40

Name: riboflavin involved in oxidative reductive processes in body

Question 41

what interferes with vitamin B2 absorption

Answer 41

oral contraceptives

Question 42

vitamin B6

Answer 42

name: pyridoxine important: brain functions -helps with depression -mood swings PMS

Question 43

who should take B6

Answer 43

post menopausal women because they have decrease in estrogen

Question 44

decrease in vitamin B6

Answer 44

sideroblastic anemia: defect in heme synthesis

Question 45

what will you see in lowered vitamin B6 smear

Answer 45

siderocytes with iron granules stained: prussian blue

Question 46

vitamin b12

Answer 46

name: cobalamin from animal products: meat, eggs, dairy vegans- deficiency coenzyme for enzymatic rxns

Question 47

vitamin b12 important for

Answer 47

repairing DNA repair cells repair platelet and WBC membrane myelin sheath in tact

Question 48

when vitamin b12 absorbed becomes

Answer 48

bound to intrinsic factor

Question 49

what produces intrinsic factor

Answer 49

parietal cells IF produced by these cells essential in absorption and transport of vitamin B12

Question 50

inabsorption of B12

Answer 50

pernicious anemia

Question 51

causes of pernicious anemia

Answer 51

-body doesn't produce enough intrinsic factor -antibodies against intrinsic factor -antibodies to parietal cells

Question 52

people with decreases B12

Answer 52

megaloblastic anemia-- hypersegmented neutrophils seen

Question 53

how to test for b12 defi

Answer 53

homocysteine and methylmalonyl -CoA B12 needed for breakdown of these and when no VB12 is present there will be an increase in both

Question 54

folic acid (folate)

Answer 54

almost always VB12 and folate act together folate stored in RBCs (NO HEMOLYZED specimen)

Question 55

what does folic acid decrease

Answer 55

incidents in neural tube defects

Question 56

where do we get folic acid from

Answer 56

citris, orange juice, oranges

Question 57

folate deficiencies

Answer 57

neutrophil hypersegmentation

Question 58

vitamin b3

Answer 58

name: niacin breakdown of tryptophan--makes sleepy helps reduction -cholesterol levels -some components of LDL

Question 59

what component of LDL does VB3 decrease

Answer 59

Lpa-- if you have high levels increased risk of cardiac disease you need mega doses to decrease Lpa

Question 60

high dose of VB3 causes

Answer 60

-major flushing of skin (face) -worsen diabetes -neurological disorders

Question 61

VB3 (niacin) deficiency

Answer 61

-Pellagra FOUR D's -dermatitis -diarrhea -dementia -death

Question 62

vitamin C

Answer 62

name: ascorbic acid -good in iron absorption -immune health -water soluble oxidizing agent -interfere with testing in lab -cause false negative anti-oxidant is powerful

Question 63

vitamin C deficiency

Answer 63

Scurvy symptoms: gums bleeding, swollen tongues Pitki- red bumps of skin

Question 64

high doses of vitamin C

Answer 64

buildup of vitamin C= back pain from formation of kidney stones Renal Calculi-- high risk