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chem > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic and encased in lipoprotein

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2
Q

4 groups of lipids

A

-cholesterol esters
-glycerol esters
-fatty acids
-phospholipids

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3
Q

most important lipids

A

triglycerides and cholesterol

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4
Q

fats help build

A

structural components

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5
Q

fats specific gravity

A

<1 = floats to top of water

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6
Q

fatty acids structure

A

straight chain hydro carbon with carboxyl group

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7
Q

unsaturated

A

one double bond and at least 1 not saturated with hydrogen

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8
Q

saturated

A

carbon atom saturated with hydrogen( no double bonds)

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9
Q

all mammals naturally

A

saturated fatty acids in cis form (allows flexible, bending, even
# carbon atoms)

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10
Q

trans fat

A

-processing and hardening fatty acids
-poly unsaturated fat
-butter
-from diet

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11
Q

1 fat consumed

A

triglycerides

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12
Q

esterifed

A

bound (to be transported); hooks up with cholesterol, glycerol, albumin

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13
Q

body makes majority of fats we needs except

A

linoleic acid

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14
Q

linoleic acid

A

essential fatty acid
-from fish

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15
Q

fat is oxidized in

A

mitochondria- fatty acids converted for energy- either released or stored for ATP

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16
Q

when carbs aren’t readily available goes to

A

fats then protein

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17
Q

prostaglandins

A

derivatives of fatty acids
-hormone LIKE in action
-found in almost every tissue- found where needed

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18
Q

all nucleated cells can produce

A

prostaglandins

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19
Q

ex. of prostaglandins

A

uterus: aid in contraction
stomach: aid in digestion
platelets: aid in coag
smooth muscle: help with muscle contractions

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20
Q

triglycerides structure

A

1 glycerol component attached to 3 fatty acids

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21
Q

95% of fat stored is

A

triglycerides (great energy reservoirs: long term)

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22
Q

where trig from

A

from diet and produced by liver

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23
Q

forms

A

from plants= polyunsaturated (cis form)
from animal meat= solid (trans form)

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24
Q

when trig metabolized from fatty acids break apart

A

fatty acid used for energy

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25
Q

glycerol=

A

new triglycerides (protect vital organs)

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26
Q

increased trigs=

A

increased risk of heart attack, pancreatitis, memory loss, foggy brain, xantomas

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27
Q

triglycerides

A

BAD cholesterol

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28
Q

things that lead to increased trigs

A

cigarette smoking, obesity, higher carb intake, medications

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29
Q

how long do you need to fast for trig levels

A

12 hours

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30
Q

cholesterol

A

found in every cell
90% levels synthesized in liver

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31
Q

cholesterol esterifed amount

A

80%

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32
Q

cholesterol functions

A

cellular repair
make and activate vitamin D
precursor for many hormones
recommend daily 300 mg
average american 700 mg

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33
Q

cholesterol levels absorbed by

A

mucosal cells – chylomicron

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34
Q

if serum looks milky and increased chylomicron is

A

1 indicator did not fast

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35
Q

excess cholesterol forms

A

gallstones

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36
Q

gallstones are fixed by

A

surgery- removal of gallbladder

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37
Q

increased cholesterol liver (parents) can

A

inherit kids liver with increased cholesterol

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38
Q

what flushed out high cholesterol levels

A

plant sterols and mucosal cells

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39
Q

stain drugs

A

composed of plant sterols

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40
Q

after menopause women’s cholesterol levels are

A

increased (estrogen and cholesterol the same)

41
Q

normal cholesterol levels after fasting

A

<200

42
Q

phospholipids structure

A

phosphorus group and 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol molecule

43
Q

make up majority of cell membrane

A

phospholipids

44
Q

determine fetal lung maturity

A

lecithin

45
Q

lecithin is stable to 35 weeks and after it

A

increased

46
Q

what also measures lung maturity (constant throughout gestation)

A

sphingomyelin

47
Q

sphingomyelin

A

produced in myeline sheath, surrong nerves

48
Q

look at L/s ration for lung maturity

A

L- increased 35 weeks
S- stays the same

2:1

Diabetic mom= 2.5:1

49
Q

rare lipid storage disease

A

nieMann- Pick disease

50
Q

what occurs in NieMann-pick disease

A

sphingomyelin accumulation in liver

51
Q

lipoproteins layers

A

outer layer with apoprotein
phospholipid
free cholesterol

Inner core: trig and cholesterol esters

52
Q

function of lipoproteins

A

transport lipids throughout body and metabolize of lipids

53
Q

subunits by density lipoproteins

A

chylomicron
VLDL- very low density
IDL- intermediate
LDL
HDL
FFA- free fatty acids

54
Q

chylomicron

A

-least dense ( float to top)

doesn’t move in electrophoresis
-carry exogenous trig.
-in circulation broken down by lipase

SHOULD BE cleared 12 hours after meal

55
Q

VLDL- very low density lipoprotein

A

-contains apo b - bad
-carriers of endogenous trig
-13% cholesterol

VLDL- increase in Cho and trigs

-can dump around body

56
Q

IDL

A

not measured
-short lived

57
Q

LDL- low density lipoprotein

A

transport cholesterol
most cholesterol rich

58
Q

LDL transports cholesterol from liver to

A

tissues in the body

59
Q

LDL is bad cholesterol because

A

particles are small and infiltrate into blood vessel walls and have plaque and macrophage foam cells

60
Q

LDL levels

A

<100

61
Q

HDL- high density lipoprotein

A

-main compent- protein
GOOD cholesterol
-want high levels
>40 men
>50 women

removes excess cholesterol and takes to liver to be broken down

APO A- good

62
Q

apo lipoproteins

A

found in outer shell of lipoprotein

-HYDROPHILLIC

63
Q

enzymatic cofactors in lipid metabolism

A

Apo
a- good; HDL
b- bad; LDL and VLDL
c-
D-
E- risk factor for alzheimer’s disease; can clear cholesterol from brain and nerve tissue

low values of E can’t do the action

64
Q

people with alz have

A

plaque buildup on nerve tissue

65
Q

another method to see lipoproteins

A

electrophoresis

66
Q

for lipid electro. specimen we want

A

serum or EDTA, fresh

NO heparin or frozen (lipoproteins broken down)

fast for 12 hours
-not on medications for a couple of weeks

67
Q

specimen for electro. goes into

A

buffer 8.6 and gives lipid negative charge to migrate

68
Q

cellulose acetate

A

stain nice, easy to read

69
Q

stain for lipids

A

oil red o
sudan stain

70
Q

cellulose acetate

A

point of origin (negative) migrate towards anode

71
Q

electrophoresis pattern

A

negative
chylomicron
LDL
VLDL
HDL
Positive

72
Q

alpha region

A

HDL (good ch. finish first)

73
Q

Pre beta range

A

VLDL

74
Q

BEta range

A

LDL

75
Q

chylomicron stay at point of origin

A

-seen only after eating
so if seen either didn’t fast or lipid disease

76
Q

most analyzers calculate indirect LDL

A

based on other components

77
Q

Fried Wald Formula

A

LDL= total cholesterol - (HDL + triglycerides/5)

can’t be used if chylomicron present pr trig >400

78
Q

Chemical precipitation method

A

seperate only lipoproteins
-most common HDL

Heparin combined with manganese will precipitate out non-HDL

shows only HDL

79
Q

hyperlipoproteinemia

A

abnormal increase in 1 or more lipids (look for trigs or cholesterol)

80
Q

artheriosclerosis

A

build up of cholesterol plaque will narrow blood vessels

81
Q

atherosclerosis

A

large arteries harden

82
Q

lipids (esterified cholesterol) gets deposited in artery walls

A

fatty acid streaks

83
Q

fatty acid streaks

A

-excess fat get into macrophage become foam cells
-plaque contain smooth muscle cells, lipids, fibrogenesis tissue and calcified components
-block blood vessels, break off and rupture =thrombo hemolytic event

84
Q

CRP

A

inflammation

85
Q

plaque developing in blood vessels in arms and legs

A

peripheral vascular disorder

86
Q

plaque around heart

A

corney heart diease

87
Q

plaque around brain

A

cerebrovascular disease

88
Q

identify lipid disorders

A

fredrickson classification scheme (based on serum and lab results)

89
Q

chylomicrons: 1 and 5 hyperchylomicronemia

A

won’t be cleared after fast
serum= milky

fat depoisted in tissues; spleen

increase in VLDL, trigs

low fat diets

90
Q

type 2a and 2b

A

hypercholesterolemia

91
Q

2a and 2b

A

homozygous and heterozygous inherited
-connected to heart disease
-genetic

92
Q

2a

A

homozygous inherited; die teenager years with increase lipids

cholesterol >100 always (LDL)

Serum: clear

93
Q

2b

A

ethnicity and kids inherit
-defective LDL receptors- can’t get to where need to be : dumped

treatment: stain drugs and diet/ exercise

94
Q

type 3 and 4

A

triglyceridemia
secondary disorders -diabetes, pancreatic destruction

serum: turbid/ milky

95
Q

type 3 and 4 levels

A

increased LDL
Increased VLDL- carry trig
decreased HDL

96
Q

type 3 and 4 treatment

A

1) statin drugs -prevent more cholesterol forming
2) low fat diet
3) nicin treatment
-need high doses
-lots of side effects
-facial flushing

97
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

cluster of different conditions when seen together have increased risk of heart attack or stroke

98
Q

risks factors of metabolic syndrome

A

increased waist line
>35 women
>40 men
-insulin resistent
-PCOS
-sleep apena
-age

if have any 5= metabolic syndrome

99
Q

how to decrease metabolic syndrome

A

diet and exercise

chem (5 decks)

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