Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

chem > Carbs > Flashcards

Carbs Flashcards

1
Q

medications for type 2

A

metformin/ glucophage: help reduce amount of sugar made by liver– eliminates through the urine and turn receptors inward

-will find glucose in the urine
-will not make more insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

IF metformin/ glucophage doesn’t work go to

A

glipiZIDE or Januvia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

GlipiZIDe/ Januvia

A

helps pancreas produce insulin
-eliminate sugar though urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

if previous dont work go to

A

victoza/ trulicity/ ozempic (last resort)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

victoza/ trulicity/ ozempic actions

A

slows down bodies metabolism/ slow down sugar into blood stream
-prevents liver from making glucose and secretes more insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gestational diabetes if increased sugar intake

A

baby is also producing more insulin
-so after birth and cord is cut baby will have abrupt stop of sugar but its still increased amount of insulin — severe risk for becoming hypoglycemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

moms that are gestational diabetic have increased risk of

A

fetal lung immaturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what week will baby have normal lung development

A

37

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gestational babies lungs fully developed

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what week are mothers tested for gestational diabetes

A

24-28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

home glucose monitoring system

A

hand held glucose measure glucose
-about 10-12 % lower than actual draw would be
-interstitial fluid mixes and dilutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

high hematocrit

A

decreases blood glucose levels falsey bc RBC are using glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CGM- continuous monitoring system

A

-monitor all the time
-probe under skin
-will be diluted? checks done
-can be used in both types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

microalbumin

A

-looks for small amount of albumin
-looks for renal failure (early stages)
- if kidney loses function can’t reabsorb protein- albumin first to leak
-done twice a year on diabetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

1 testing specimen for microalbumin

A

24 hour urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

normalbumin

A

<30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

microalbumin

A

30-300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MACROalbumin

A

> 300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

if doing random urine for microalbumin use

A

albumin to creatine ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what test is done if HgB A1C can’t be done

A

frutosamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what occurs in the fructosamine test

A

glucose sticks to albumin in blood (glycosylated proteins) will stay for 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

another good time to do fructosamine test

A

if a diabetic is starting new medication or gestational diabetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when can’t do fructosamine test

A

liver failure (increases values) and kidney failure (not enough albumin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

normal fructosamine levels

A

205-285

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
lactose intolerant
inability to breakdown lactose
26
lactose intolerant occurs because
deficient or absent lactase enzyme
27
babies aren't lactose intolerant at birth
because breast milk contains lactose -- need lactase enzyme
28
lac. intolerance occurs
changes in gut flora/ introduction of antibiotics
29
amount of processed foods we eat affect
gut flora
30
ways to diagnose lac. intolerance
elimination diet, lactose hydrogen breath test, standard lactose tolerance
31
elimination diet
eat no foods with lactose if symptoms go away= lactose intolerant
32
lactose hydrogen test
consume 25-50 g of lactose liquid -breath samples taken 30 min- 3 hours increase in hydrogen indicates malabsorption of lactose (can have false negatives)
33
standard lactose intolerance
blood lactose levels -if no decrease in lactose shows body isn't breaking down it
34
if diagnosed type 2
-doctor will want baseline insulin levels AS medications change doctors will look at insulin levels
35
increase in insulin but normal glucose
can be pancreatic tumor secreting insulin
36
glycogen storage disease
inherited -once stored body can't break down glucose
37
von gierke disease
defect in glucose 6 phosphate -can't break down glycogen into glucose -become hypoglycemic -no storage breakdown -go into metabolic acidosis -hepatomegaly- bc main site of glycogen storage short in height, intellectual disabilities
38
avoid glycogen buildup
limit sugar intake, small amount of food -body will utilize sugar= no excess storage
39
galactosemia
-mentally slow, liver damage, vomitting -aminoacidopathy -infants tested -enzyme deficiency in galactokinase CAN'T breakdown galactose for years did clinitest for reducing sugars but now -GENETIC testing
40
hexokinase
gold standard for glucose amounts (enzymatic rxn) specific glucose END product: NADPH; proportional to amount of glucose in speciment
41
glucose oxidase
-glucose specific -more interfering substance-- Hgb and BILLI 2 step process 1) measured amperometrically-- oxygen consumption measures trinder rxn 2) photometric analyze hydrogen peroxide mixed with chromagic (color production) proportional to amount of glucose
42
main source of energy for cells
carbs
43
where are carbs stored
liver and muscle
44
what is carbs stored as in the muscle
glycogen
45
structure of carbs
carbon double bonded to oxygen and alcohol group
46
most important monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galactose
47
most important disaccharides
lactose, maltose, sucrose
48
lactose components
glucose and galactose
49
sucrose components
glucose and fructose
50
maltose components
glucose and glucose
51
polysaccharides
starch and glycogen
52
carbs are hydrates of
aldehyde and ketone groups
53
only hormone that can decrease blood sugar
insulin
54
what enhances formation of lipids and proteins
insulin
55
insulin inhibits breakdown of
glycogen
56
another regulator of blood sugar
glycogen
57
glucagon is produced by the ______ cells in the pancreas
alpha
58
what is the main hormone for rapid increase of blood sugar
glucagon
59
glucagon will tell the liver to break down _____ then fat
glycogen
60
what does cortisol do
inhibit insulin and rapidly increases glucose
61
cortisol finds new ways to get glucose through
fats and proteins
62
finding new ways to get glucose in the body
gluconeogenesis
63
metabolism of glucose
taken in as starch or glycogen 1)amylase- enzyme found in salivary glands or pancreas 2) gastric juices released and break down into usable sugars
64
normal metabolism
sources of sugar-- diet and hepatic output after we take in sugar insulin levels rise If we fast-- breakdown of glycogen first, fats second, proteins last Glycogenesis-- control levels When BS levels rise the liver will stop releasing glucose -take in too much sugar -- stored as glycogen and fat
65
abnormal
hyperglycemia all the time -either no insulin or insulin resistant continued production of hyperglycemic state no glucose= go to fat; leads to increased production of triglycerides can get insulin from recombinant insulin -manufactured
66
3 major ketones
acetate acetoacetate 2-hydroxybutyric acid
67
sodium imbalance
decreased because water comes out of cell to dilute glucose and also dilutes Na
68
potassium imbalance
normally increases in DKA -when cells open up K comes out a cell with water and blood levels rise -body tries to drive hydrogen back into cell and K comes out potassium increases risk of heart attack
69
bicarb imbalance
increased because acid increased and bicarb fixes this (tums)
70
chloride imbalance
increase levels -1 time Na and Cl don't follow each other -some bicarb is used up so Cl is trying to reabsorb
71
if you give insulin
need to watch potassium because it will drive back into cell to drive now glucose
72
anion gap
(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3) normal : 9-16 no potassium: 8-12
73
#1 reason anion gap increased
DKA
74
serum osmolarity
2Na + glucose/20 + BUN/3 normal= 275-300
75
type 1 is also
lactic acidosis
76
fasting specimen
10-12 hours use serum or heparinized plasma seperate cells asap or else cells keep using glucose gray top stable for 72 hours
77
Hgb A1C can't do
after hemolytic event need Hemoglobin A -sickle cell can't do this bc Hgb S Norm <6 check twice a year -can be increased due to injury specimen= EDTA

chem (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions