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PATHO/PHARM II > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

Exam 4 (Final)

1
Q

Vitamins: What are they?

A

Organic compounds

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2
Q

Vitamins: What are they not a source of?

A

Are not a source of energy

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3
Q

Vitamins:

What form do several vitamins enter the body as?

A

Several vitamins are inactive in native form and must be converted to active compounds in the body

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4
Q

What are vitamins important for?

A

Required in minute amounts for growth and maintenance of health

Essential for energy transformation and regulation of metabolic processes

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5
Q

Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs):

What are they?

A

RDAs represent the average daily dietary intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender group

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6
Q

Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs):

How does it change?

A

RDAs change as we get older, males vs females, increase in pregnancy & breastfeeding, & illness

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7
Q

AI = adequate intake –

A

only an estimate when there’s not enough evidence to establish an RDA

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8
Q

UL =

A

highest amount without causing risk

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9
Q

Vitamins: What are the two major groups?

A

Fat soluble

Water soluble

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10
Q

Vitamins:

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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11
Q

Vitamins:

Fat soluble vitamins: How are they absorbed? What does this lead to?

A

Absorbed by intestines –> lymphatic circulation –> circulating blood

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12
Q

Vitamins:

Fat soluble vitamins: What enhances their absorption?

A

Their absorption is enhanced by dietary fat intake

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13
Q

Vitamins:

Fat soluble vitamins: How can they be stored?

A

Can be stored in massive amts

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14
Q

Vitamins:

Fat soluble vitamins: Because they can be stored in massive amounts, what does this lead to?

A

Extensive storage = less risk for deficiency

Extensive storage = greatly increases potential for toxicity should intake be excessive

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15
Q

Vitamins:

Water soluble - What are they?

A

Vitamin C

Vitamin B complex: Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, cyanocobalamin

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16
Q

Vitamins:

Water soluble - What kind of change do they undergo in the body?

A

Undergo minimal storage in the body

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17
Q

Vitamins:

Water soluble - What is needed to replenish?

A

Frequent ingestion needed to replenish

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18
Q

Should we take multivitamins?

A

Insufficient evidence
No reason to start or stop

Data supports Vitamin B12 for individuals > 50yrs old

Folic acid in childbearing age & pregnancy

Vitamin D + calcium for postmenopausal females & those at risk for fractures

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19
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol):

Has a role in what?

A

Has a role in vision (adjust to dim light),

immunity,

skeletal and soft-tissue growth,

cell growth,

skin & mucous membrane maintenance,

antioxidant

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20
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol):

Where is it stored?

A

Stored in liver, fatty tissue, lungs, skin, spleen, eyes, and testes.

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21
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol):

What kind of foods contain Vitamin A?

A

Foods with beta-carotene

Dairy, fish, meat

Dark colored fruits & vegs: carrots, cantaloupe, mango, tomato, pumpkin, sweet potato, spinach/dark leafy greens

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22
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol):

Toxicity: What happens if excess is ingested?

A

Teratogenic in excessive consumption,

liver injury,

bone-related disorders (osteoporosis in postmenopausal women),

harmless orange tint to the skin

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23
Q

Vitamin A (Retinol):

Deficiency results in:

A

Night blindness

Xerophthalmia - dry conjuctiva

Keratomalacia – degeneration of cornea

Blindness – severe deficiency

Skin lesions, altered mucous mem

Itching, burning, and red, inflamed eyelids

Age-related macular degeneration

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24
Q

Xerophthalmia (Having to do with Vitamin A)

A
  • dry conjuctiva
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25
Q

Keratomalacia (Having to do with Vitamin A)

A

– degeneration of cornea

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26
Q

Vitamins D

What does Vitamin D regulate?

A

Regulates calcium and phosphorus and bone mineralization

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27
Q

Vitamins D

What does Vitamin D increase?

A

Increases bone absorption of calcium

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28
Q

Vitamins D

What does toxicity occur in conjunction with?

A

Toxicity occurs in conjunction with hypercalcemia

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29
Q

Vitamins D

What does deficiency cause?

A

Deficiency causes rickets or osteomalacia

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30
Q

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)

What does it do?

A

Antioxidant properties,

protects RBCs from hemolysis,

may reduce risks of colds & combo with Vit C

delay progression of macular degeneration

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31
Q

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)

What are dietary sources?

A

Dietary sources: Oils, whole-grain products, nuts

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32
Q

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)

What can a toxicity lead to?

A

Toxicity may increase risk for bleeding if deficient in Vit K or receiving anticoagulation and increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke by inhibiting platelet aggregation

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33
Q

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)

How common is deficiency? Who does it occur in?

A

Deficiency rare, exists in those with absorption issues and metabolic disorders

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34
Q

Vitamin K:

What is this required for?

A

Action required for synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)

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35
Q

Vitamin K

What does deficiency lead to?

A

Deficiency produces bleeding tendencies

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36
Q

Vitamin K: How much are infants born with?

A

Infants born Vit K deficient

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37
Q

Vitamin K:

What do infants receive after delivery?

A

Receive injection of phytonadione (Vitamin K1) after delivery as routine prophylaxis

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38
Q

Vitamin K

Where is it synthesized?

A

Synthesized by normal flora of gut

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39
Q

Vitamin K

What would cause a deficiency?

A

Deficiency caused by dysfunction of bile salts, malabsorption, antibiotics

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40
Q

Vitamin K

Adverse effects

A

Hypersensitivity reaction- IV, oral, or SQ route preferred

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41
Q

Vitamin K

Therapetic use

A

Correction or prevention of hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding caused by vitamin K deficiency

Control of hemorrhage caused by warfarin

42
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): What does it help with?

building? production? facilitating? etc…

A

Builds connective tissue,

collagen production,

general metabolism,

antioxidant,

facilitates iron absorption

43
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): What does it help in the conversion of?

A

Conversion of folic acid

44
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): What does it help regulate?

A

Regulation of the respiratory cycle in mitochondria.

45
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): What does it help synthesize?

A

Synthesis of adrenal steroids

46
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): How much do smokers need?

A

Smokers: an additional 35 mg/day

47
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): What are sources?

A

Citrus fruits/juices (OJ, Lemon juice), tomatoes, potatoes, strawberries, melons, spinach, broccoli

48
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): What does a deficiency lead to?

A

tissue bleeding,

joint bleeding,

bone fractures,

poor wound healing

tooth loss

49
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): What are ADRs?

A

ADRs:

nausea,

abd cramps,

diarrhea

50
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): How are illnesses effected by vitamin C intake?

A

Large doses do not reduce incidence of colds, although intensity or duration of illness may be reduced slightly, nor does it promote wound healing

51
Q

Vitamin B Complex

Niacin (nicotinic acid Vit B3): What is it used for?

A

Used to reduce cholesterol if given in higher doses

52
Q

Vitamin B Complex

Niacin (nicotinic acid Vit B3): What happens to it when it enters the body?

A

Gets converted to active form

53
Q

Vitamin B Complex

Niacin (nicotinic acid Vit B3): What does it do?

A

Essential human nutrient, turns food into energy, cellular respiration

54
Q

Vitamin B Complex

Niacin (nicotinic acid Vit B3): What are sources of it?

A

Sources: Meats, poultry, fish, peanuts, enriched grains, peanuts, potatoes

55
Q

Vitamin B Complex

Niacin (nicotinic acid Vit B3): What does a deficiency lead to?

A

Deficiency – GI sx (abdominal pain, diarrhea, soreness of tongue and mouth),

CNS memory & irritability,

dermatitis,

rough skin

56
Q

Vitamin B Complex

Niacin (nicotinic acid Vit B3): What are ADEs?

A

ADEs: toxic – vasodilation

57
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

What does it help with?

A

Enzymatic reactions

58
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

What happens to it in the body?

A

Gets converted to active form

59
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

What are food sources?

A

Food sources: Dairy, bread, fortified cereals

60
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

What does a deficiency lead to?

A

Deficiency:

Cracked lips and mouth corners,

swollen & red tongue;

dermatitis of scrotum & vulva

61
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

What are symptoms of toxicity?

A

No sx of toxicity

62
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

What does it do?

A

Energy and carbohydrate metabolism

63
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

What are sources?

A

Sources: enriched, fortified, whole-grain products (breads, cereals), pork, legumes

64
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Deficiency – severe

Who does it occur in? How does it manifest?

A

Individuals who misuse alcohol are often deficient.

Most common among chronic alcoholics & manifests as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

65
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Deficiency:
Most common among chronic alcoholics & manifests as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Serious CNS disorder (neurologic and psychologic sx)

66
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Deficiency:
Most common among chronic alcoholics & manifests as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

What are symptoms?

A

Nystagmus, diplopia, ataxia, inability to remember recent past

67
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Deficiency:
Most common among chronic alcoholics & manifests as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Failure to correct this syndrome leads to what?

A

Failure to correct this –> irreversible brain damage

68
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Deficiency:
Most common among chronic alcoholics & manifests as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

If this syndrome is suspected, how do you treat it?

A

If suspected, thiamine adm immediately

69
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

What does it do?

A

Involved mainly in metabolism, amino acid absorption, and neurotransmitter synthesis

70
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

What happens when it enters the body?

A

Gets converted to active form

71
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Deficiency- is caused by what?

A

Inborn metabolism errors, etoh on LT basis

72
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Deficiency- leads to what?

A

CNS dysfunction

73
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Deficiency- what does CNS dysfunction lead to?

A

hyperirritability,

peripheral neuritis,

and possible convulsions

74
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Which drug causes a deficiency?

A

Isoniazid

75
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Toxicity: What are symptoms of toxicity?

A

Neuro: Uncoordinated movement and nerve damage has been noted in adults taking more than recommended as supplement

76
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Food Sources

A

Fortified breakfast cereals,

organ meat,

fish,

poultry,

potatoes/starchy vegs

77
Q

Vitamin B Complex: Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)

What is it essential for?

A

Essential factor in the synthesis of DNA

78
Q

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)

Where does it mainly function?

A

Functions mainly in DNA synthesis and cell division

79
Q

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)

Functions mainly in DNA synthesis and cell division- How does it do this?

A

By permitting utilization of folic acid, B12 influences cell growth & division

80
Q

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)

What does it do to folic acid?

A

Helps catalyze folic acid  active form

81
Q

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)

How does deficiency of folic acid or Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)manifest?

A

Deficiency of either manifests as megaloblastic/macrocyctic anemia

82
Q

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)

What does it require?

A

Requires intrinsic factor (secreted by parietal cells of stomach) for absorption

83
Q

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)

What does a deficiency result in? What are other symptoms?

A

Cyanocobalamin deficiency results in neurologic damage

Other sx: fatigue, decr appetite, anemia, glossitis

84
Q

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)

What are good sources of this?

A

Liver & dairy products good sources

85
Q

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)

What ways of administeration?

A

Can be given PO, intranasal, IM, subQ

86
Q

Folic Acid

What does an absence lead to?

A

Absence –> blood cell abnormalities

87
Q

Folic Acid: What is it necessary for?

A

Essential factor for DNA synthesis

88
Q

Folic Acid

Food folate versus synthetic folate

A

Dietary –> must be converted to active form

89
Q

Folic Acid

What are good sources?

A

Good sources: peas, lentils, oranges, whole-wheat & enriched grain products, asparagus, beets, broccoli, spinach

90
Q

Folic Acid

Where is it absorbed? Where does it go?

A

Absorbed in upper SI –> liver & tissues –> stored or used

91
Q

Folic Acid

Stability wise how do Food folate compare to synthetic folate

A

Synthetic form is more stable - PO 400 mcg/day

92
Q

Folic Acid

Where is folic acid available?

A

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ordered synthetic folate to be added to all enriched grain products

93
Q

Folic Acid

Deficiency during pregnancy can lead to what?

A

Deficiency during pregnancy can impair CNS development

94
Q

Folic Acid

Deficiency during pregnancy can impair CNS development: What does this include?

A

Can result in neural tube defects, anencephaly, spina bifida

Important for any patient who may become pregnant to take additional folic acid

95
Q

Folic Acid

High doses of folic acid is associated with what?

A

Taking high doses of folic acid (more than 800 mcg/day) is associated with an increased risk for certain cancers, and should be discouraged

96
Q

Herbal Products:

What can it do?

A

Can interact with conventional drugs

97
Q

Herbal Products:

How is it marketed?

A

Marketed without proof of safety or efficacy

98
Q

Herbal Products:

What can they cause? (Negative stuff)

A

Can cause significant harmful effects

Increased toxicity & decreased therapeutic effects

99
Q

Herbal Products:

Many supplements lack reliable info on interactions:

What can St. John’s wort induce?

A

St John’s wort can induce CYP3A4 & accelerate metabolism of many drugs

100
Q

Herbal Products:

Ginkgo biloba, feverfew, garlic- What do they do? What does this lead to?

A

Ginkgo biloba, feverfew, garlic suppress platelet aggregation –> increased bleeding risk in pts receiving antiplatelet drugs, ASA, anticoagulants

101
Q

Herbal Products:

Ma huang (ephedra) contains what? What does this do?

A

Ma huang (ephedra) contains ephedrine –> elevate BP, cardiac & SNS stimulation, intensifying effects of pressor agents, cardiac stimulants & counteract therapeutic effects of antihypertensives & CNS depressants

PATHO/PHARM II (27 decks)

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