Conditions Effecting the Nervous System and PharmacotherapyPart Five: Neurodegenerative DX- Multiple Sclerosis MS Flashcards
Exam 4 (Final)
Multiple Sclerosis: What is it?
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder damages myelin sheath of CNS neurons
Multiple Sclerosis:
What happens in MS?
Immune system (lymphocytes & macrophages) attack myelin sheath (insulation) surrounding nerve fibers
Multiple Sclerosis:
What gets interrupted?
Electrical impulse conduction gets interrupted
Multiple Sclerosis:
What may stimulate an abnormal immune response?
Viruses may stimulate abnormal immune response
Multiple Sclerosis
What does it result in?
Results in inflammation, loss of myelin, scarring producing plaques (sclerosis)
Multiple Sclerosis
What are there periods of?
Initial periods of exacerbation (relapses/flares) & alternating periods of partial/complete recovery (remission) but sometimes unrelenting
Multiple Sclerosis
What happens to symptoms overtime?
Over time sx –> progressive worse – NO CURE!
Multiple Sclerosis:
How is the disease pattern?
Unpredictable disease pattern
Multiple Sclerosis:
What is the etiology?
Etiology unknown
Multiple Sclerosis:
When is onset? Who is it more common in?
Onset between 20-40 yrs of age, more common in women, but men have more progressive course
Multiple Sclerosis:
Where is there a higher prevalence?
Prevalence higher in northern latitudes
Multiple Sclerosis:
What are inconclusive risk factors?
Inconclusive risk factors:
smoking,
vitamin D deficiency,
obesity,
infection,
genetics,
autoimmune reactions,
environmental toxins
Patho of MS
What is the hallmark?
Hallmark is multifocal regions of inflammation & myelin destruction in brain, spinal cord, optic nerve.
Patho of MS:
What is mistaken by immune system?
Immune system mistakes myelin components of the CNS (not PNS) as foreign & attacks!!!
Patho of MS:
What is Oligodendrocytes?
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin, which insulates the axons and allows nerve signals to be transmitted.
Patho of MS:
What triggers release of inflammatory mediators & oligodendrocyte loss?
Autoreactive T & B cells, & macrophages cross BBB, attack myelin, trigger release of inflammatory mediators & oligodendrocyte loss
Patho of MS
What contributes to inflammation and injury?
Resident brain macrophages (glial cells) get activated, contribute to inflammation & injury
Patho of MS
What happens to myelin and oligodendrocytes?
Myelin destroyed and oligodendrocytes injured and die.
Patho of MS cont.
What occurs throughout the whole central nervous system?
Demyelination throughout the central nervous system.
Patho of MS cont.
What happens to destroyed myelin?
The destroyed myelin is replaced by hard lesions from the damage
Patho of MS cont.
What can inflammation do?
Inflammation can damage axons & oligodendrocytes
Patho of MS cont.
What happens as more myelin is destroyed?
As more myelin is destroyed, nerve conduction is slowed, resulting in weakness, coordination difficulties, visual impairment, and speech disturbances.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Damage to Myelin
In the initial stages: What do attacks lead to?
Attacks lead to damage to the myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Damage to Myelin
In the initial stages: What is not yet impacted?
Nerve fiber is not yet impacted.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Damage to Myelin
In the initial stages: What is not yet impacted?
Nerve impulses continue to be transmitted but are slowed.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Damage to Myelin
In the initial stages: How is patient?
Patients become aware of impaired function (weakness).
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Damage to Myelin
In the initial stages: How is the myelin?
Myelin is capable of regenerating, and as it regenerates, the symptoms disappear.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Damage to Myelin
In the initial stages: What do patients experience?
Patients experience remission.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Damage to Myelin
What may eventually form due to myelin loss?
Eventually plaque development from myelin loss:
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Damage to Myelin
Eventually plaque development from myelin loss:
How are initial plaques?
Initial plaques are pink and swollen.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Damage to Myelin
Eventually plaque development from myelin loss:
How do they become progressively?
They progressively become gray and firm.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Damage to Myelin
Eventually plaque development from myelin loss:
What size are the plaques? How may they become?
They vary in size.
They may merge into a single patch.
When acute attack is over:
Inflammation subsides
Some degree of recovery at least in the early stages
Recurrent episodes ~ less and less complete recovery/remyelination
When acute attack is over:
Inflammation subsides: What happens to damaged tissue?
Damaged tissue replaced.
Astrocytes contribute to the repair & scarring process
When acute attack is over:
Inflammation subsides: What forms?
Formation of scars ~ scleroses
When acute attack is over:
Some degree of recovery at least in the early stages due to:
Partial remyelination
Axonal compensation ~ redistribution of Na channels
When acute attack is over:
Some degree of recovery at least in the early stages:
Due to what developing?
Development of alternative neuronal circuits, bypassing damage
When acute attack is over:
Recurrent episodes ~ less and less complete recovery/remyelination
What develops? What happens to neurons and oligodendrocytes?
Mounting astrocytic scarring
Irreversible axonal injury
Death of neurons and oligodendrocytes
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis:
What occurs?
Loss of Axon Function
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis:
Loss of Axon Function: With disease progression
What continues?
Inflammation continues.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis:
Loss of Axon Function: With disease progression
What happens to myelin?
Myelin loses its regeneration capability.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis:
Loss of Axon Function: With disease progression
What gets impacted by the inflammation occurring?
Adjacent oligodendrocytes are impacted.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis:
Loss of Axon Function: With disease progression
How is axon impacted?
Damage occurs to the axon.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis:
Loss of Axon Function: With disease progression
What happens to nerve transmission? What does this lead to?
Nerve transmission is disrupted in all types of nerve fibers (motor, sensory, autonomic) leading to permanent loss of nerve function.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Loss of Axon Function:
What each relapse involve?
Each relapse involves additional areas of the CNS.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
As the inflammatory process diminishes:
What happens to damaged tissue?
Damaged tissue is replaced with glial scar tissue.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
Loss of Axon Function:
How does severity of the disease occur?
Severity of the disease progression varies from a slow progression in some patients and a rapid progression in others.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
As the inflammatory process diminishes:
What is created?
It results in the creation of hard, sclerotic plaques.
Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
As the inflammatory process diminishes:
It results in the creation of hard, sclerotic plaques. Where is this found?
It is found in the CNS white matter.
Clinical Manifestations
Damage to cerebellum
Emotional & behavioral changes
Damage to cranial nerves
Damage to motor nerve tracts
Damage to sensory nerve tracts
Clinical Manifestations:
Damage to cerebellum causes what?
Loss of balance
Ataxia
Clinical Manifestations:
Damage to cranial nerves causes what?
Visual disturbances
Diplopia (double vision)
Loss of vision
Scotoma (spot in the visual field)
Disturbances with verbalization
Dysarthria (poor articulation)
Clinical Manifestations:
Damage to motor nerve tracts causes what?
Weakness
Paralysis
Spasticity
Urinary incontinence
Clinical Manifestations:
Damage to sensory nerve tracts causes what?
Paresthesia of face, trunk, limbs
MS subtypes:
What are they?
Clinical Isolated Syndrome
Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS)
Secondary-Progressive (SPMS)
Primary-Progressive (PPMS)
MS subtypes:
What is the worst subtype?
Primary-Progressive (PPMS)
The worst
MS subtypes:
Clinical Isolated Syndrome: What are neuro symptoms caused by?
What is this subtype considered?
Neuro symptoms caused by demyelination & inflammation last for at least 24 hours
1st episode of MS
MS subtypes:
What is the most common category of MS experienced? What percent of patients are in this category?
Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS)
Most common category of MS experienced (85% of diagnosed patients are in this category).
MS subtypes:
Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS):
What is it characterized by?
Defined periods of deteriorating neurologic function (relapses).
Followed by partial or complete recovery (remission).
MS subtypes:
Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS):
How do symptoms develop? How do symptoms vary?
Sx develop over several days, resolve within weeks
S/sx vary based on size/location of lesion
MS subtypes:
Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS):
On average, how many relapses?
Avg: 2 relapses every 3 years
MS subtypes:
Secondary-Progressive (SPMS): What characterizes the initial course?
Relapses and remissions characterize initial course.