VITAMINS Flashcards
Key Functions:
Coenzyme in one-carbon metabolism:
Helps prevent anemia:
Protects against neural tube defects (NTDs):
FOLIC ACID
functions as a coenzyme among fat-soluble vitamins
vitamin K
: One of the most prevalent vitamin deficiencies in the US, particularly among pregnant women and alcoholics.
folic acid
Large, immature red blood cells due to impaired DNA synthesis.
Megaloblastic anemia:
Spina bifida and anencephaly, which can lead to severe disabilities or death.
Neural tube defects (NTDs)
is not synthesized by plants and requires consumption of animal products or fortified foods.
Vitamin B12
__ disrupts the utilization of N5-methyl THF, leading to its accumulation
Vitamin B12 deficiency
This __ reduces the availability of other THF forms needed for DNA synthesis, resulting in megaloblastic anemia.
“folate trap”
This severe form of vitamin B12 deficiency primarily affects intestinal absorption.
Pernicious anemia
Its main function is as a reducing agent involved in various reactions.
As a coenzyme, it participates in hydroxylation reaction
ASCORBIC ACID (VIT. C
Deficiency of ascorbic acid: Deficiency leads to __
scurvy
which acts as a coenzyme for many enzymes, including those involved in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hormone regulation.
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
a thiamine deficiency syndrome caused by insufficient intake or impaired absorption.
beriberi
a thiamine deficiency associated with chronic alcoholism and characterized by neurological, cognitive symptoms, and nystagmus.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome,
also known as “nicotinic acid”, is a substituted pyridine derivative.
Niacin
another dietary form, can be converted to nicotinic acid in the body.
Nicotinamide
Niacin deficiency:
Deficiency leads to __, affecting the skin, digestive system, and central nervous system.
pellagra
“the three Ds”: pellagra
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death (if untreated)
caused by defective tryptophan absorption, can also mimic pellagra symptoms.
Hartnup disease
Electron carriers in oxidation-reduction reactions.
Essential for energy production.
Contribute to the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
RIBOFLAVIN (VIT. B12)
Cofactor in carboxylation reactions, which involve the addition of carbon dioxide to molecules.
Essential for fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and gluconeogenesis.
Biotin
___ are the main forms vit. A
Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid
Group of sterols with hormone-like function.
Binds to intracellular receptors and regulates gene transcription.
Main function: maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium.
VITAMIN D
Functions:
Increases calcium absorption from the intestine.
Minimizes calcium loss through the kidneys.
Stimulates bone resorption (release of calcium) when needed.
VITAMIN D
