VITAMINS

Question 1

Key Functions:

Coenzyme in one-carbon metabolism:

Helps prevent anemia:

Protects against neural tube defects (NTDs):

Answer 1

FOLIC ACID

Question 2

functions as a coenzyme among fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 2

vitamin K

Question 3

: One of the most prevalent vitamin deficiencies in the US, particularly among pregnant women and alcoholics.

Answer 3

folic acid

Question 4

Large, immature red blood cells due to impaired DNA synthesis.

Answer 4

Megaloblastic anemia:

Question 5

Spina bifida and anencephaly, which can lead to severe disabilities or death.

Answer 5

Neural tube defects (NTDs)

Question 6

is not synthesized by plants and requires consumption of animal products or fortified foods.

Answer 6

Vitamin B12

Question 7

__ disrupts the utilization of N5-methyl THF, leading to its accumulation

Answer 7

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 8

This __ reduces the availability of other THF forms needed for DNA synthesis, resulting in megaloblastic anemia.

Answer 8

“folate trap”

Question 9

This severe form of vitamin B12 deficiency primarily affects intestinal absorption.

Answer 9

Pernicious anemia

Question 10

Its main function is as a reducing agent involved in various reactions.
As a coenzyme, it participates in hydroxylation reaction

Answer 10

ASCORBIC ACID (VIT. C

Question 11

Deficiency of ascorbic acid: Deficiency leads to __

Answer 11

scurvy

Question 12

which acts as a coenzyme for many enzymes, including those involved in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hormone regulation.

Answer 12

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Question 13

a thiamine deficiency syndrome caused by insufficient intake or impaired absorption.

Answer 13

beriberi

Question 14

a thiamine deficiency associated with chronic alcoholism and characterized by neurological, cognitive symptoms, and nystagmus.

Answer 14

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome,

Question 15

also known as “nicotinic acid”, is a substituted pyridine derivative.

Answer 15

Niacin

Question 16

another dietary form, can be converted to nicotinic acid in the body.

Answer 16

Nicotinamide

Question 17

Niacin deficiency:
Deficiency leads to __, affecting the skin, digestive system, and central nervous system.

Answer 17

pellagra

Question 18

“the three Ds”: pellagra

Answer 18

Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death (if untreated)

Question 19

caused by defective tryptophan absorption, can also mimic pellagra symptoms.

Answer 19

Hartnup disease

Question 20

Electron carriers in oxidation-reduction reactions.
Essential for energy production.
Contribute to the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Answer 20

RIBOFLAVIN (VIT. B12)

Question 21

Cofactor in carboxylation reactions, which involve the addition of carbon dioxide to molecules.
Essential for fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and gluconeogenesis.

Answer 21

Biotin

Question 22

___ are the main forms vit. A

Answer 22

Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid

Question 23

Group of sterols with hormone-like function.

Binds to intracellular receptors and regulates gene transcription.

Main function: maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium.

Answer 23

VITAMIN D

Question 24

Functions:
Increases calcium absorption from the intestine.
Minimizes calcium loss through the kidneys.
Stimulates bone resorption (release of calcium) when needed.

Answer 24

VITAMIN D

Question 25

caused by vitamin D deficiency.

Answer 25

Nutritional rickets (children) and osteomalacia (adults):

Question 25

caused by chronic kidney disease.

Answer 25

Renal osteodystrophy

Question 26

: caused by lack of parathyroid hormone.

Answer 26

Hypoparathyroidism

Question 27

__ is a group of eight tocopherols, with α-tocopherol being the most active.
Its primary function is as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage by free radicals and peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Answer 27

Vitamin E

Question 28

is essential for the carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues in certain proteins.

Answer 28

VITAMIN K

Question 29

is required for the carboxylation of several blood clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X).

Answer 29

Vitamin K

Question 30

__, a blood thinner, inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, hindering the regeneration of active vitamin K and reducing Gla formation

Answer 30

Warfarin

Question 31

a protein involved in bone formation, also requires vitamin K dependent carboxylation for its function.

Answer 31

Osteocalcin

Question 32

Individuals with low dietary intake and impaired gut bacteria.
Newborns due to sterile intestines.
Patients on certain antibiotics with mechanisms similar to warfarin.

Answer 32

Vitamin K deficiency