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BIOCHEM FINALS > LIPID METABOLISM > Flashcards

LIPID METABOLISM Flashcards

1
Q

(four-ring steroid molecule)

A

Cholesterol

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2
Q

is a waxy substance that is found in all cells of the body. It is used to build cell membranes, produce hormones, and make bile acids, which help to digest fats.

produced by the liver and can also be obtained from the diet.

A

Cholesterol

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3
Q

Foods that are high in cholesterol

A

eggs, red meat, and full-fat dairy products.

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4
Q

are the main form of fat stored in the body. They are used as a source of energy and can also be converted to cholesterol.

A

Triglycerides

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5
Q

(3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule)

A

Triglycerides

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6
Q

Foods that are high in triglycerides

A

saturated and trans fats, sugar, and processed foods.

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7
Q

Type of Lipid Cholesterol

A

Sterol

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8
Q

Type of Lipid Triglycerides

A

Triacylglycerol

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9
Q
  • builds cell membrane
  • produce hormone
  • make bile acids
A

Cholesterol

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10
Q
  • main form of fat stored in body
  • used as source of energy
A

Triglycerides

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11
Q

High levels of cholesterol can increase the risk of __

A

heart disease

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12
Q

high levels of triglycerides can increase the risk of ___

A

pancreatitis

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13
Q

are a diverse group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

A

Lipids

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14
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

(A, D, E, and K)

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15
Q

Because lipids are insoluble in water, they cannot be transported in the bloodstream on their own. Instead, they are packaged into ____

A

lipoproteins

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16
Q

spherical particles that contain a core of lipids and a shell of protein.

A

lipoproteins

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17
Q

transport lipids to and from different tissues in the body

A

Lipoproteins

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18
Q

are a type of lipid that are the building blocks of fats, oils, and waxes. They are carboxylic acids with a long, unbranched hydrocarbon chain

A

Fatty acids

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19
Q

have no double bonds between the carbon atoms in their chain. They are typically solid at room temperature.

A

Saturated fatty acids

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20
Q

Saturated fatty acids
examples

A

palmitic acid and stearic acid)

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21
Q

have one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms in their chain. They are typically liquid at room temperature.

A

Unsaturated fatty acids:

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22
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids: examples

A

monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

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23
Q

Food source for saturated fats

A

Meat, dairy products, tropical oils

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24
Q

Food source for unsaturated fats

A

vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, fatty fish

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25
Q

Classification of Lipids:

A

Simple lipid
Complex lipids

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26
Q

Simple lipids:

A

Fatty acids
Triacylglycerols
Steroids (cholesterol)

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27
Q

Complex lipids:

A

Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Glycolipids

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28
Q

is the process by which the body breaks down, stores, and uses lipids. The body can obtain lipids from the diet or synthesize them from other nutrients.

A

Lipid metabolism

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29
Q

When we eat foods that contain lipids, the lipids are broken down into smaller molecules in the digestive tract.

A

Dietary lipid metabolism

30
Q

Process of Digestion

A

Mouth > Stomach > Small Intestine > Pancreas

31
Q

breaks down some of the TAGS in food

A

lingual lipase

32
Q

continues to break down to TAGS, most active at an acidic PH

A

gastric lipase

33
Q

break down TAGS into diglycerides, monogylcerides, and free fatty acids

A

pancreatic lipase

34
Q

is particularly effective at breaking down TAGs with short- or medium-chain length fatty acids.

A

Lingual lipase

35
Q

contains bile salts, which help to emulsify lipids, breaking them down into smaller globules. This makes it easier for pancreatic lipase to break down the TAGs

A

Bile

36
Q

TAGs are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol.

A

As energy storage

37
Q

TAGs are incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer

A

For cell membrane building

38
Q

a genetic disease that affects the lungs, digestive system, and other organs in the body.

A

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

39
Q

Cystic fibrosis (CF) caused by a mutation in the ___, which controls the movement of chloride and other ions across cell membranes.

A

CFTR gene

40
Q

is a condition in which the body does not produce enough digestive enzymes to break down food properly.

A

Pancreatic insufficiency

41
Q

is the process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones, which increases their surface area. This is important because digestive enzymes work at the interface between the fat droplet and the surrounding aqueous solution.

A

Emulsification

42
Q

are amphipathic molecules.

A

Bile salts

43
Q

is the wave-like contractions of the smooth muscle in the intestinal walls.

A

Peristalsis

44
Q

Pancreatic lipase removes the fatty acids at carbons 1 and 3 of the TAG molecule= leaving a mixture of 2-monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids.

A

Triacylglycerol (TAG) degradation

45
Q

Cholesteryl esters are broken down by )___, an enzyme that requires bile salts for optimum activity.

A

pancreatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase

46
Q

The products of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis are ___

A

cholesterol and free fatty acids.

47
Q

Pancreatic juice contains a proenzyme form of ____, which is activated by trypsin.

A

phospholipase A2

48
Q

Phospholipase A2 removes one fatty acid from carbon 2 of a phospholipid= leaving a __.

A

lysophospholipid

49
Q

Lysophospholipids can be further degraded by ___= leaving a glycerylphosphoryl base

A

lysophospholipase

50
Q

is a small peptide hormone that is released from the intestinal mucosa in response to: the presence of lipids and partially digested proteins.

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

51
Q

small peptide hormone that is released from the intestinal mucosa in response to: the low pH of the chyme entering the intestine.

A

Secretin

52
Q

The fatty acids, 2-monoacylglycerol, and free cholesterol, along with bile salts and fat-soluble vitamins, form ___

A

mixed micelles

53
Q

a specialized membrane that contains many microvilli, which increase the surface area for absorption.

A

Brush border membrane

54
Q

The fatty acids, 2-monoacylglycerol, and free cholesterol are absorbed into the enterocytes by

A

passive diffusion.

55
Q

Bile salts are also absorbed into the enterocytes, but they are ___

A

actively transported.

56
Q

(used to synthesize triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters.)

A

fatty acyl-CoA

57
Q

is a condition in which the body does not properly absorb fats from the small intestine.

A

Lipid malabsorption

58
Q

is a genetic disorder that causes mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system.

A

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

59
Q

s a condition in which a large portion of the small intestine has been removed, either due to surgery or disease. This can reduce the amount of surface area available for absorption of nutrients, including fats.

A

Short bowel syndrome (SBS

60
Q

an autoimmune disorder in which the body reacts to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

A

Celiac disease

61
Q

Chylomicrons are assembled in the ____ of the enterocytes.

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

62
Q

is a large protein and forms a scaffold for the assembly of the chylomicron particle.

A

Apolipoprotein B48 (apoB48)

63
Q

is a transporter that helps to move TAGs and cholesteryl esters from the ER lumen into the chylomicron particle.

A

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) i

64
Q

The chylomicrons released from the enterocytes enter the ___, which are lymphatic vessels located in the villi of the small intestine.

A

lacteals

65
Q

The lacteals transport the chylomicrons to the ___, which is a large lymphatic vessel that drains into the left subclavian vein. From the left subclavian vein, the chylomicrons enter the

A

thoracic duct

66
Q

Glycerol released from chylomicrons is taken up by the liver and converted to ___

A

glucose

67
Q

can be used by the liver to synthesize bile acids and hormones.

A

Cholesterol

68
Q

are used to build cell membranes.

A

Phospholipids

69
Q

are proteins that play a role in lipid transport and metabolism.

A

Apolipoproteins

70
Q

a condition characterized by high levels of triglycerides in the blood.

A

Hyperchylomicronemia

71
Q

is a rare genetic disorder that causes a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). LPL is an enzyme that breaks down TAG in chylomicrons.

A

Familial LPL deficiency

72
Q

People with this disorder have a defect in the receptor that removes chylomicron remnants from the blood. As a result, chylomicron remnants accumulate in the blood.

A

Type III hyperlipoproteinemia

BIOCHEM FINALS (6 decks)

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