LIPID METABOLISM

Question 1

(four-ring steroid molecule)

Answer 1

Cholesterol

Question 2

is a waxy substance that is found in all cells of the body. It is used to build cell membranes, produce hormones, and make bile acids, which help to digest fats.

produced by the liver and can also be obtained from the diet.

Answer 2

Cholesterol

Question 3

Foods that are high in cholesterol

Answer 3

eggs, red meat, and full-fat dairy products.

Question 4

are the main form of fat stored in the body. They are used as a source of energy and can also be converted to cholesterol.

Answer 4

Triglycerides

Question 5

(3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule)

Answer 5

Triglycerides

Question 6

Foods that are high in triglycerides

Answer 6

saturated and trans fats, sugar, and processed foods.

Question 7

Type of Lipid Cholesterol

Answer 7

Sterol

Question 8

Type of Lipid Triglycerides

Answer 8

Triacylglycerol

Question 9

• builds cell membrane
• produce hormone
• make bile acids

Answer 9

Cholesterol

Question 10

• main form of fat stored in body
• used as source of energy

Answer 10

Triglycerides

Question 11

High levels of cholesterol can increase the risk of __

Answer 11

heart disease

Question 12

high levels of triglycerides can increase the risk of ___

Answer 12

pancreatitis

Question 13

are a diverse group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Answer 13

Lipids

Question 14

Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 14

(A, D, E, and K)

Question 15

Because lipids are insoluble in water, they cannot be transported in the bloodstream on their own. Instead, they are packaged into ____

Answer 15

lipoproteins

Question 16

spherical particles that contain a core of lipids and a shell of protein.

Answer 16

lipoproteins

Question 17

transport lipids to and from different tissues in the body

Answer 17

Lipoproteins

Question 18

are a type of lipid that are the building blocks of fats, oils, and waxes. They are carboxylic acids with a long, unbranched hydrocarbon chain

Answer 18

Fatty acids

Question 19

have no double bonds between the carbon atoms in their chain. They are typically solid at room temperature.

Answer 19

Saturated fatty acids

Question 20

Saturated fatty acids
examples

Answer 20

palmitic acid and stearic acid)

Question 21

have one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms in their chain. They are typically liquid at room temperature.

Answer 21

Unsaturated fatty acids:

Question 22

Unsaturated fatty acids: examples

Answer 22

monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

Question 23

Food source for saturated fats

Answer 23

Meat, dairy products, tropical oils

Question 24

Food source for unsaturated fats

Answer 24

vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, fatty fish

Question 25

Classification of Lipids:

Answer 25

Simple lipid Complex lipids

Question 26

Simple lipids:

Answer 26

Fatty acids Triacylglycerols Steroids (cholesterol)

Question 27

Complex lipids:

Answer 27

Phospholipids Sphingolipids Glycolipids

Question 28

is the process by which the body breaks down, stores, and uses lipids. The body can obtain lipids from the diet or synthesize them from other nutrients.

Answer 28

Lipid metabolism

Question 29

When we eat foods that contain lipids, the lipids are broken down into smaller molecules in the digestive tract.

Answer 29

Dietary lipid metabolism

Question 30

Process of Digestion

Answer 30

Mouth > Stomach > Small Intestine > Pancreas

Question 31

breaks down some of the TAGS in food

Answer 31

lingual lipase

Question 32

continues to break down to TAGS, most active at an acidic PH

Answer 32

gastric lipase

Question 33

break down TAGS into diglycerides, monogylcerides, and free fatty acids

Answer 33

pancreatic lipase

Question 34

is particularly effective at breaking down TAGs with short- or medium-chain length fatty acids.

Answer 34

Lingual lipase

Question 35

contains bile salts, which help to emulsify lipids, breaking them down into smaller globules. This makes it easier for pancreatic lipase to break down the TAGs

Answer 35

Bile

Question 36

TAGs are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol.

Answer 36

As energy storage

Question 37

TAGs are incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 37

For cell membrane building

Question 38

a genetic disease that affects the lungs, digestive system, and other organs in the body.

Answer 38

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

Question 39

Cystic fibrosis (CF) caused by a mutation in the ___, which controls the movement of chloride and other ions across cell membranes.

Answer 39

CFTR gene

Question 40

is a condition in which the body does not produce enough digestive enzymes to break down food properly.

Answer 40

Pancreatic insufficiency

Question 41

is the process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones, which increases their surface area. This is important because digestive enzymes work at the interface between the fat droplet and the surrounding aqueous solution.

Answer 41

Emulsification

Question 42

are amphipathic molecules.

Answer 42

Bile salts

Question 43

is the wave-like contractions of the smooth muscle in the intestinal walls.

Answer 43

Peristalsis

Question 44

Pancreatic lipase removes the fatty acids at carbons 1 and 3 of the TAG molecule= leaving a mixture of 2-monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids.

Answer 44

Triacylglycerol (TAG) degradation

Question 45

Cholesteryl esters are broken down by )___, an enzyme that requires bile salts for optimum activity.

Answer 45

pancreatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase

Question 46

The products of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis are ___

Answer 46

cholesterol and free fatty acids.

Question 47

Pancreatic juice contains a proenzyme form of ____, which is activated by trypsin.

Answer 47

phospholipase A2

Question 48

Phospholipase A2 removes one fatty acid from carbon 2 of a phospholipid= leaving a __.

Answer 48

lysophospholipid

Question 49

Lysophospholipids can be further degraded by ___= leaving a glycerylphosphoryl base

Answer 49

lysophospholipase

Question 50

is a small peptide hormone that is released from the intestinal mucosa in response to: the presence of lipids and partially digested proteins.

Answer 50

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 51

small peptide hormone that is released from the intestinal mucosa in response to: the low pH of the chyme entering the intestine.

Answer 51

Secretin

Question 52

The fatty acids, 2-monoacylglycerol, and free cholesterol, along with bile salts and fat-soluble vitamins, form ___

Answer 52

mixed micelles

Question 53

a specialized membrane that contains many microvilli, which increase the surface area for absorption.

Answer 53

Brush border membrane

Question 54

The fatty acids, 2-monoacylglycerol, and free cholesterol are absorbed into the enterocytes by

Answer 54

passive diffusion.

Question 55

Bile salts are also absorbed into the enterocytes, but they are ___

Answer 55

actively transported.

Question 56

(used to synthesize triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters.)

Answer 56

fatty acyl-CoA

Question 57

is a condition in which the body does not properly absorb fats from the small intestine.

Answer 57

Lipid malabsorption

Question 58

is a genetic disorder that causes mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system.

Answer 58

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

Question 59

s a condition in which a large portion of the small intestine has been removed, either due to surgery or disease. This can reduce the amount of surface area available for absorption of nutrients, including fats.

Answer 59

Short bowel syndrome (SBS

Question 60

an autoimmune disorder in which the body reacts to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

Answer 60

Celiac disease

Question 61

Chylomicrons are assembled in the ____ of the enterocytes.

Answer 61

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 62

is a large protein and forms a scaffold for the assembly of the chylomicron particle.

Answer 62

Apolipoprotein B48 (apoB48)

Question 63

is a transporter that helps to move TAGs and cholesteryl esters from the ER lumen into the chylomicron particle.

Answer 63

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) i

Question 64

The chylomicrons released from the enterocytes enter the ___, which are lymphatic vessels located in the villi of the small intestine.

Answer 64

lacteals

Question 65

The lacteals transport the chylomicrons to the ___, which is a large lymphatic vessel that drains into the left subclavian vein. From the left subclavian vein, the chylomicrons enter the

Answer 65

thoracic duct

Question 66

Glycerol released from chylomicrons is taken up by the liver and converted to ___

Answer 66

glucose

Question 67

can be used by the liver to synthesize bile acids and hormones.

Answer 67

Cholesterol

Question 68

are used to build cell membranes.

Answer 68

Phospholipids

Question 69

are proteins that play a role in lipid transport and metabolism.

Answer 69

Apolipoproteins

Question 70

a condition characterized by high levels of triglycerides in the blood.

Answer 70

Hyperchylomicronemia

Question 71

is a rare genetic disorder that causes a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). LPL is an enzyme that breaks down TAG in chylomicrons.

Answer 71

Familial LPL deficiency

Question 72

People with this disorder have a defect in the receptor that removes chylomicron remnants from the blood. As a result, chylomicron remnants accumulate in the blood.

Answer 72

Type III hyperlipoproteinemia