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NUTR 302 (Test #3) > Vitamin B6/B9/B12 > Flashcards

Vitamin B6/B9/B12 Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin B9 is also known as?

A

Folate

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2
Q

How many forms of B9 are there operating in the body?

A

150 forms

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3
Q

What is the most active coenzyme form of B9:

A

(THF) Tetrahydrofolate

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4
Q

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) is active in most (fortified) foods as what coenzyme form?

A

Polyglutamate

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5
Q

What food sources are most associated with vitamin B9 (folate)?

A

Green Vegetables

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6
Q

What are some common sources of vitamin B9 (folate)?

A

Green Vegetables
Citrus Fruits (esp. strawberries & oranges)
Yeast
Mushrooms
Legumes
Liver
Fortified Foods

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7
Q

Vitamin B9 (folate) is easily destroyed due to?

A

Processing (b/c of structure)

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8
Q

In order for folate to be present as polyglutamate, it must be hydrolyzed by what prior to absorption?

A

Conjugase

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9
Q

The enzyme conjugase is inhibited by?

A

low zinc status, alcohol, and food inhibitors

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10
Q

Vitamin B9 (folate) functions in single carbon transfers in what to physiological processes?

A

Nucleic Acid Synthesis & Amino Acid Metabolism

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11
Q

Folate is a carbon donor in _____ synthesis?

A

Purine Synthesis

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12
Q

Folate is essential for _______ division?

A

Cell Division

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13
Q

In amino acid metabolism, _______ is converted to methionine glycine, and then converted to serine.

A

Homosysteine

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14
Q

Homocysteine is associated with what disease state?

A

CV disease

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15
Q

__________ Anemia is associated with Folate deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic Anemia (big RBC’s)

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16
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia occurs due to decreased ______ synthesis and _______ cell division along with continued RNA production.

A

Decreased DNA Synthesis
Improper Cell Division

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17
Q

Symptoms of Megaloblastic Anemia (or all types of anemia’s) would include?

A

Pale
Fatigue
Concentrating
Headache
Dyspnea

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18
Q

In pregnancy, birth defects are highly correlated with ________ deficiency?

A

Folate

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19
Q

Populations at risk for folate deficiency include?

A

Pregnancy
Elderly
Alcoholism
Phenytoin User (anticonvulsant)

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20
Q

Supplementation of folate can mask vitamin _____ deficiency, but still allow for neurological damage to occur from being deficient.

A

B12

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21
Q

Megadoses of folate can induce _______ in what population?

A

Seizures in epileptics

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22
Q

What is the upper limit of Folate?

A

1 mg/day from supplements & fortified foods.

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23
Q

Why is vitamin B12 imperative for Vitamin B9 (folate) interactions?

A

Methyl-Folate Trap: B12’s is needed to remove methyl group from N5 methyl THF.

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24
Q

Folate may decrease _____ absorption?

A

Zinc

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25
Q

_______ deficiency may decrease folate absorption?

A

Zinc

26
Q

What is a general assessment for Vitamin B9 (folate)?

A

Plasma, Serum, or RBC folate levels

27
Q

What is are specific assessments for Vitamin B9 (folate)?

A

Deoxyuridine Suppression Test
Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations

28
Q

Vitamin B12 is also known as?

A

Cobalamin “Cobalt”

29
Q

Vitamin B12 (Cobalt) is found primarily in what food sources?

A

Animal Products are the main sources

30
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalt) is made by ________ in the digestive tract of animals.

A

Microbes

31
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalt)’s primary absorption is mediated by?

A

Intrinsic Factor
(IF = glycoprotein synthesized @ stomach)

32
Q

When traveling from the stomach to the small intestine, vitamin B12 (cobalt) must combine with ______ to complete this transport process.

A

R Protein

33
Q

When far enough through the digestive tract (but before the Ileum), Vitamin B12 releases it’s transport R Protein to combine with what?

A

Intrinsic Factor

34
Q

Vitamin B12 + IF is absorbed where in the digestive tract?

A

Ileum

34
Q

Vitamin B12 + IF is absorbed where in the digestive tract?

A

Ileum

35
Q

Vitamin B12 is released from IF once the complex reaches where in the digestive tract?

A

Enterocyte

36
Q

What is the secondary method for vitamin B12 absorption?

A

Diffusion
(primarily utilized in large doses: B12 shots)

37
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalt) functions to convert homocysteine to _______, through the transfer of a _______ group.

A

Homocysteine > (methyl group) > Methionine

38
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalt) functions in KREBS by by converting methylmalonyl CoA into?

A

Succinyl CoA

39
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalt) additionally functions in ________, possibly through the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucelotides.

A

Nucleic Acid Synthesis

39
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalt) additionally functions in ________, possibly through the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucelotides.

A

Nucleic Acid Synthesis

40
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency is commonly associated with?

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

41
Q

What are some symptoms commonly associated with megaloblastic anemia?

A

Large immature RBC’s, neuropathy, increased MCV (mean corpuscular volume)

42
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalt) deficiency is most commonly associated with _______ conditions in populations, resulting in decreased IF production rather than dietary deficiency.

A

Genetic Conditions

43
Q

Populations at risk for vitamin B12 (cobalt) deficiency are?

A

Elderly,
Disease/Surgery to Ileum,
Alcoholics,
Vegans
Stomach Surgery Recipients

44
Q

What is are some assessments for Vitamin B12 (cobalt) deficiency?

A

Serum B12 (“schilling test”) or Plasma Homocysteine

45
Q

What does the schilling assessment look/test for?

A

Tests B12 Absorption
& Presence of IF

46
Q

Vitamin B6 is also known as?

A

Pyridoxine

47
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) has coenzyme forms?

A

PL
PM
PN
PLP
PMP
PNP

48
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is stable when _______, but can be negatively affected in _______?

A

Stable when cooking
Long-Term Storage can effect B6

49
Q

What are some food sources of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

A

Liver,
Nuts,
Bananas,
Legumes,
Meat,
Whole Grains,
Salmon,
Sirloin Steak,
White Meat Chicken

50
Q

Where does all Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) metabolism occur?

A

Liver

51
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) functions most importantly in _______ metabolism?

A

Amino Acid Metabolism

52
Q

Functions of Amino Acid Metabolism that Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is responsible for include?

A

Transamination
Decarboxylation
Transulfhydration
Desulfhydration
Clevage

53
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is also important in the function of _______ formation, and ______ synthesis.

A

Heme Formation
Niacin Synthesis

54
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) functions in energy synthesis through _______ & _______?

A

Lineoleate (Fatty Acid Synthesis)
Glycogenolysis (Glycogen Phosphorylase)

55
Q

Low levels of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) have been associated with which diseases & conditions?

A

Coronary Heart Disease
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

56
Q

Symptoms of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) can be showcased as?

A

Lethargy in Adult
Seizures in Infants
Hypochromic
Microcytic Anemia
Depression

57
Q

What are some populations at risk for Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency?

A

Breastfed Infants of Mothers w/ Deficiency
Elderly
Alcoholics
Oral Contraceptive Users

58
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) toxicity limits are?

A

Upper Limit: 100 mg/day

59
Q

Patients with neuropathy are advised to not exceed an RDA of ______ for vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

A

13 mg/day

60
Q

What are assessments for vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?

A

Plasma PLP
Transaminase Activities
Tryptophan Load

NUTR 302 (Test #3) (7 decks)

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