Vital Signs - Week 1 Pulse/Heart Rate

Question 1

Where is the heart located?

Answer 1

In the mediastinum within the thoracic cavity

Question 2

What’s the membrane around the heart?

Answer 2

Pericardium

Question 3

What are the surperior chambers of the heart called?

Answer 3

Atria

Question 4

What are the lower chambers of the heart also called?

Answer 4

Ventricles

Question 5

Where is the blood from, that enters the right atrium

Answer 5

Receives blood that is returns from other parts of the body - deoxygenated blood

Question 6

Superior vena cava brings blood into the heart from where?

Answer 6

Carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper extremities into the right atrium of the heart

Question 7

Inferior, vena cava brings blood into the body from where?

Answer 7

Carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities into the right atrium of the heart

Question 8

Coronary sinus does what and supplies what?

Answer 8

Brings deoxygenated blood from supplying the heart itself into the right atrium

Question 9

After blood enters, the right atrium, what is the next chamber it goes into?

Answer 9

The right ventricle

Question 10

Right ventricle does what?

Answer 10

It contracts and pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

Question 11

What does the pulmonary trunk do?

Answer 11

Supplies the lungs with blood. As the blood passes through the lungs, it becomes oxygenated.

Question 12

Pulmonary veins, do what?

Answer 12

Carry oxygenated blood back from the lungs into the left atrium

Question 13

Where does the blood go after the left atrium?

Answer 13

The left ventricle

Question 14

What is the aorta the start of?

Answer 14

Systemic circulation

Question 15

What is supplied by systemic circulation?

Answer 15

All tissue and organs in the body

Question 16

What does the left ventricle do?

Answer 16

Pumps oxygenated blood from the heart through the aorta

Question 17

What are the 2 units of the heart called?

Answer 17

Atrial Syncytium and ventricular syncytium. They act separately.

Question 18

What system creates electrical signal in the wall of the heart to cause it to pump?

Answer 18

Cardiac conduction system

Question 19

What is the start of the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 19

SinoAtrial (SA) Node

Question 20

Where is SA node located?

Answer 20

In the right atrium

Question 21

What gives the atrial syncytium the signal to contract?

Answer 21

SA node

Question 22

How does the electrical pulse pass from the atrial syncytium to the ventricular syncytium?

Answer 22

Via Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Question 23

What does the AV node do to the electrical signal?

Answer 23

AV Node delays the electrical pulse to ensure the atria syncytium contracts prior to the ventricular syncytium

Question 24

AV bundles are the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles & coordinate the contractions. Where would you find it?

Answer 24

Interventricular septum. It splits into the 2 main branches down to the apex of the heart

Question 25

What is sit at the bottom of the bundle branches?

Answer 25

Purkinje fibres - that extend around the ventricles and cause it to contract

Question 26

How many electrodes are needed for a 12 lead ECG?

Answer 26

10

Question 27

As there is an excitation of cells within the heart, this creates a spike in electrical activity which is called…? As it returns back to its resting point is called…?

Answer 27

Depolarisation (+) and repolarisation (-)

Question 28

To get an output of lead 2 what electrodes do you need to put on?

Answer 28

2 upper limb leads and 2 lower limb leads

Question 29

What does lead 2 show?

Answer 29

A heart rate rhythm

Question 30

What is the first wave on an ECG read out called?

Answer 30

P wave

Question 31

What is a P wave showing?

Answer 31

Atrial depolarisation, initiated by the SA node

Question 32

What is the next wave complex, called in an ECG, after the P-wave?

Answer 32

QRS Complex

Question 33

What does the QRS complex show?

Answer 33

Ventricular depolarisation begins at the apex, causing the QRS complex. Atrial repolarisation occurs hidden behind the depolarising wave. The reason the QRS complex looks complex is because it’s showing the depolarisation of the interventricular sternum, as well as the angles of the ventricle walls

Question 34

What comes after the QRS complex in an ECG?

Answer 34

The T wave

Question 35

What does the T wave represent?

Answer 35

Ventricular repolarisation begins at Apex, causing the T wave

Question 36

Why can’t we see atrial repolarisation?

Answer 36

Atrial repolarisation is lost behind the ventricular depolarisation, as this is a stronger signal, therefore over powers the signal of the atrial repolarisation

Question 37

What are the flat lines called in between waveforms?

Answer 37

Isoelectric lines

Question 38

What does the isoelectric line show between the P-wave and QRS complex?

Answer 38

This shows the delay at the AV node

Question 39

What is happening at the isoelectric line between the QRS complex and the T-wave?

Answer 39

No new electrical activity as we wait for the ventricles to repolarise

Question 40

How many heart valves are there?

Answer 40

4. 2 pairs

Question 41

What are the different types of heart valves?

Answer 41

AV Valves and Semilunar (SL) valves

Question 42

Where does the right AV valve sit?

Answer 42

Inbetween the right atrium and the right ventricle

Question 43

What is smooth layer surrounding the heart valves called? And what is it’s purpose?

Answer 43

Endocardium & to enable blood to flow easily over it

Question 44

Right AV valve is also know as what and why?

Answer 44

Tricuspid valve, because it has 3 cusps of tissue

Question 45

The left AV valve is also know as what? And why?

Answer 45

The mitral valve (bicuspid) because it has 2 cusps of tissue

Question 46

What is the purpose of the AV valves?

Answer 46

Stops blood from flowing from the ventricle into the atrium (backwards)

Question 47

How do AV valves work?

Answer 47

When the pressure in the ventricle becomes higher than the atrium, due to compressing, the cusps of tissue snap shut.

Question 48

What stops the AV valves pulling through into the atrium?

Answer 48

Chordae tendineae which attach into the papillary muscles

Question 49

Where are the semilunar valves located?

Answer 49

At the entrance to the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

Question 50

What is the semilunar valve at the pulmonary trunk also known as?

Answer 50

Pulmonic valve

Question 51

What is the semilunar valve at the aorta known as?

Answer 51

Aortic valve

Question 52

What makes the semilunar valves open?

Answer 52

When the ventricles contracts and pressure increases they will open as the ventricle has a higher pressure than the pulmonary trunk or aorta

Question 53

When the heart is relaxed which valves are open and which are closed?

Answer 53

Semi lunar valves are closed. Av valves are open

Question 54

During ventricle contraction what valve change you expect to see?

Answer 54

AV valves close as pressure in ventricle is higher than atria SL valve opens as pressure in the ventricle continues to increase it will get higher than the pulmonary trunk or aorta

Question 55

When the ventricle relaxes what happens to the heart valves?

Answer 55

SL valves close AV valves open

Question 56

Where is the apex of the heart located in the body?

Answer 56

Between the 5th and 6th ribs

Question 57

The act of listening to sounds arise within the body organs, usually with a stethoscope is called…?

Answer 57

Auscultation

Question 58

What is the contraction of the heart called?

Answer 58

Systole

Question 59

What’s the relaxation phase of the heart called?

Answer 59

Diastole

Question 60

Where is the carotid?

Answer 60

In the neck

Question 61

Where is the brachial artery?

Answer 61

In the elbow

Question 62

Where is the radial artery?

Answer 62

In the wrist

Question 63

Where is the femoral artery?

Answer 63

In the inner leg/groin

Question 64

Where is the dorsallis pedis artery?

Answer 64

Top of the foot

Question 65

Where is the posterior tibial artery?

Answer 65

On the outer side of the ankle

Question 66

Define cardiac output

Answer 66

Volume of blood ejected from a ventricle per minute

Question 67

What is stroke volume?

Answer 67

Volume of blood that is ejected during a single heart beat

Question 68

When is the highest volume of blood in the left side of the heart?

Answer 68

End of diastole (EDV end diastolic volume)

Question 69

When do the lowest volume of blood in the left side of the heart?

Answer 69

End systolic volume (dESV)

Question 70

SV = X - Y

Answer 70

SV = EDV - ESV

Question 71

Cardiac output = X x Y

Answer 71

Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume

Question 72

What is a cardiac output regulated by?

Answer 72

Autonomic nervous system

Question 73

What are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 73

Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 74

Sympathetic nervous system engages what?

Answer 74

Cause the SA node to depolarise more quickly Shorted delay in impulse transition at the AV node Therefore increasing heart rate

Question 75

Tachycardia is the heart rate above what value?

Answer 75

100

Question 76

Parasympathetic nervous system does what?

Answer 76

Slows the SA nodes rate of self excitation. Reducing heart rate

Question 77

Bradycardia is below what value?

Answer 77

60

Question 78

Name all valves and their locations

Answer 78

tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. mitral valve: located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta.