Vital Sign Associated Words Flashcards
Basal metabolic rate (bmr)
Basal metabolism accounts for the heat produced by the body at absolute rest. The average basal metabolic rate depends on the body surface area.
Non shivering thermogenesis
Occurs primarily in neonates Because they cannot shiver, a limited amount of vascular brown tissue, present at birth, is metabolized for heat production.
Identify for Ways the body loses heat.
Through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.
Radiation
The transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without direct contact between the two.
Peripheral vasodilation vs construction
Peripheral vasodilation increases blood flow from the internal organs to the skin to increase radiant heat loss. Peripheral vasoconstriction minimizes radiant heat loss.
Conduction
The transfer of heat from one object to another with direct contact. For example an ice pack too warm for head.
Convection
Transfer of heat away by air movement. A fan promotes heat loss through convection.
Evaporation
The transfer of heat energy when a liquid is changed to a gas. The body continuously loses heat by evaporation approximately 600 to 900 mL A day evaporates from the skin and lungs.
Diaphoresis
visible perspiration primarily occurring on the four head and upper thorax although you can see it on other places on the body. For each hour of exercise and heart conditions approximately 1 L of body fluid is lost in sweat.
Factors affecting body temperature
Age, exercise, hormone level, circadian rhythm, stress, environment, temptation alteration.
Hyperthermia
An elevated body temperature related to the inability of the body to promote heat loss or reduce heat production.
Heatstroke
Defined as a body temp of 40 degrees Celsius or 104 degrees Fahrenheit or more.
Heat exhaustion
Occurs when profuse Diaphoresis results in excess water and electrolyte loss. Caused by environmental heat exposure- patient exhibits signs and symptoms of fluid volume deficit.
Hypothermia
He lost during prolonged exposure to cold overwhelms the ability of the body to produce heat, causing hypothermia. When skin temperature drops below 35°C or 95°F the patient suffers uncontrolled shivering, loss of memory, depression, and poor judgment.
Antipyretics
Medications that fever.
Pyrogens
Bacteria and viruses that elevated body temperature. Pyrogens act as antigens, triggering immune system responses.
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped by the heart during one minute. This is the product of heart rate and the stroke volume of the ventricle.
Thermoregularion
The physiological and behavioral mechanisms that regulate balance between heat lost and heat produced
Categories of pulse strength
4+ equals bounding, 3+ equals full increased, strong, 2+ equals expected, one plus equals barely palpable, diminished, Zero equals absent or not palpable.
Ventilation
The movement of gases in and out of the lungs. This is assessed by determining respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm.
Diffusion
The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the red blood cells. This is assessed by determining oxygen saturation.
Perfusion
The distribution of red blood cells to and from the pulmonary capillaries. This can be assessed by determining oxygen saturation.
Hypoxemia
Low levels of arterial oxygen. Hypoxemia helps to control ventilation in patients with chronic lung disease. Administration of high oxygen levels is fatal for patients with chronic lung disease.
Hypercarbia
Excess CO2
The amount of air taken in on a normal breathor tidal volume
500 mL
Characteristics to include in an assessment of respiration
Rate, depth, rhythm.
Eight factors influencing character of respirations
Exercise, acute pain, anxiety, smoking, body position, medications, neurological injury, hemoglobin function.
Point of maximal impulse or PMI
The apical impulse
Alterations in breathing patterns
Bradypnea, tachypnea, hyperpnea, apnea, hyperventilation, hypoventilation, cheyne-stokes respiration, kussmauls respiration, biats respiration.
Bradypnea
Rate of breathing is regular but abnormally slow, less than 12 breaths a minute
Tachypnea
Rate of breathing is regular but abnormally rapid, greater than 20 breaths a minute
Hyperpnea
Respirations are labored, increased in depth, and increased in rate, greater than 20 breaths a minute -occurs normally during exercise
Apnea
Respiration cease for several seconds. Persistent cessation results in respiratory arrest.
Hyperventilation
Rate and depth of respirations increase. Hypocarbia sometimes occurs.
Hypo ventilation
Respiratory rate is abnormally low, and at the ventilation is depressed. Hypercarbia sometimes occurs.
Cheyne-stokes respiration
Respiratory rate and depth are you regular, characterized by alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation. Respiratory cycle begins with slow shallow breaths that gradually increase to add normal rate and depth. The pattern reverses breathing slows and becomes shallow, climaxing in apnea before respiration resumes.
Kussmauls respiration
Respirations are abnormally deep regular and increase in rate
Biots respiration
Respirations are abnormally shallow for 2 to 3 brass followed by irregular periods of apnea
Signs and symptoms of respiratory alterations
Bluish appearance of nailbeds lips mucous membranes and skin, restlessness irritability confusion reduced level of consciousness, pain during inspiration, labored or difficult breathing, ortho piña, use of accessory muscles, inability to breathe it spontaneously,….pg 87 clinical
Determining need to assess patients respirations by looking at risk factors of respiratory alterations
Fever, pain in examinee, disease of chest wall or muscles, constrictive chest or abdominal dressings, presence of abdominal incisions, gastric distention, chronic pulmonary disease, dramatic injury to chest wall, presence of chest tube, respiratory infection, pulmonary Dema and emboli, Head injury would damage to brainstem, anemia.
Patient conditions that may affect pulse ox accuracy
Conditions that decrease arterial blood flow such as peripheral vascular disease, hypothermia, pharmacologic vasoconstrictors, hypotension or peripheral edema.
Where can a pulse ox probe be placed on a person
Earlobe, finger, toe, bridge of nose, or four head.
Systolic pressure
The peak maximum pressure when ejection occurs
Diastolic pressure
When the ventricles relax, the blood remaining in the arteries exerts a minimum
Blood pressure
The force exerted on the walls of an artery by the pulsing blood under pressure from the heart
Pulse pressure
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Six factors that influence blood pressure
Age, stress, ethnicity, gender, do you need variation, medications, activity and weight.
List the five factors responsible for maintaining blood pressure
Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume, viscosity, elasticity.
Cardiac output affecting bp
As cardiac output increases more blood is pumped against arterial walls causing the blood pressure to rise.
Peripheral vascular resistance affecting blood pressure
Peripheral vascular resistance is the resistance to bloodflow determined by the tone of vascular musculature and diameter of blood vessels. The smaller the lumen of a vessel the greater is the peripheral vascular resistance to bloodflow. As resistance rises arterial blood pressure rises. As vessels dilate and resistance Falls blood pressure drops.
Blood volume affecting blood pressure
Normally the blood volume remains constant however it an increase in value exerts more pressure against arterial walls. When circulating blood volume falls as in the case of hemorrhage or dehydration blood pressure falls
Viscosity affecting bp
The thickness or viscosity of blood affects the ease with which blood flows through small vessels. The hematocrit or percentage of red blood cells in the blood, determines blood viscosity when the hematocrit rises and bloodflow slows, arterial blood pressure increases.
Hematocrit
Percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
Elasticity affecting blood pressure
In certain diseases such as arteriosclerosis, the vessel walls lose their elasticity and replaced by fibrous tissue that cannot stretch well. Reduced elasticity result in greater resistance to bloodflow. Systolic pressure is more significantly elevated diastolic pressure as a result of reduced arterial elasticity.
Koritkoff phases of bp
Phase 1 equals a sharp dump, phase 2 equals a blowing or whooshing sound, phase 3 equals a crisp intense tapping, phase 4 equals a softer blowing sound that fades, phase 5 equals silence.
SpO2
Proipheral tissue
SaO2
Arterial blood
Hypertension
Most common alteration in blood pressure. Often asymptomatic. Diastolic readings greater than 90 mm HG and systolic readings greater than 140 mm HG define hypertension.
Hypotension
Present when the systolic blood pressure falls to 90 MM HG or below. Occurs because of the dilation of the arteries in the vascular bed, The loss of a substantial amount of blood volume or the failure of the heart muscle to pump adequately.
Orthostatic hypotension
Referred to as postural hypotension, occurs when a normotensive person develops symptoms and low bp when rising to an upright position.
4 types of adventitious lung sounds
Crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, pleural friction.
Ischemia
Inadequate tissue percussion results in an inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells.
