Vital Sign Associated Words

Question 1

Basal metabolic rate (bmr)

Answer 1

Basal metabolism accounts for the heat produced by the body at absolute rest. The average basal metabolic rate depends on the body surface area.

Question 2

Non shivering thermogenesis

Answer 2

Occurs primarily in neonates Because they cannot shiver, a limited amount of vascular brown tissue, present at birth, is metabolized for heat production.

Question 3

Identify for Ways the body loses heat.

Answer 3

Through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.

Question 4

Radiation

Answer 4

The transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without direct contact between the two.

Question 5

Peripheral vasodilation vs construction

Answer 5

Peripheral vasodilation increases blood flow from the internal organs to the skin to increase radiant heat loss. Peripheral vasoconstriction minimizes radiant heat loss.

Question 6

Conduction

Answer 6

The transfer of heat from one object to another with direct contact. For example an ice pack too warm for head.

Question 7

Convection

Answer 7

Transfer of heat away by air movement. A fan promotes heat loss through convection.

Question 8

Evaporation

Answer 8

The transfer of heat energy when a liquid is changed to a gas. The body continuously loses heat by evaporation approximately 600 to 900 mL A day evaporates from the skin and lungs.

Question 9

Diaphoresis

Answer 9

visible perspiration primarily occurring on the four head and upper thorax although you can see it on other places on the body. For each hour of exercise and heart conditions approximately 1 L of body fluid is lost in sweat.

Question 10

Factors affecting body temperature

Answer 10

Age, exercise, hormone level, circadian rhythm, stress, environment, temptation alteration.

Question 11

Hyperthermia

Answer 11

An elevated body temperature related to the inability of the body to promote heat loss or reduce heat production.

Question 12

Heatstroke

Answer 12

Defined as a body temp of 40 degrees Celsius or 104 degrees Fahrenheit or more.

Question 13

Heat exhaustion

Answer 13

Occurs when profuse Diaphoresis results in excess water and electrolyte loss. Caused by environmental heat exposure- patient exhibits signs and symptoms of fluid volume deficit.

Question 14

Hypothermia

Answer 14

He lost during prolonged exposure to cold overwhelms the ability of the body to produce heat, causing hypothermia. When skin temperature drops below 35°C or 95°F the patient suffers uncontrolled shivering, loss of memory, depression, and poor judgment.

Question 15

Antipyretics

Answer 15

Medications that fever.

Question 16

Pyrogens

Answer 16

Bacteria and viruses that elevated body temperature. Pyrogens act as antigens, triggering immune system responses.

Question 17

Cardiac output

Answer 17

The volume of blood pumped by the heart during one minute. This is the product of heart rate and the stroke volume of the ventricle.

Question 18

Thermoregularion

Answer 18

The physiological and behavioral mechanisms that regulate balance between heat lost and heat produced

Question 19

Categories of pulse strength

Answer 19

4+ equals bounding, 3+ equals full increased, strong, 2+ equals expected, one plus equals barely palpable, diminished, Zero equals absent or not palpable.

Question 20

Ventilation

Answer 20

The movement of gases in and out of the lungs. This is assessed by determining respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm.

Question 21

Diffusion

Answer 21

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the red blood cells. This is assessed by determining oxygen saturation.

Question 22

Perfusion

Answer 22

The distribution of red blood cells to and from the pulmonary capillaries. This can be assessed by determining oxygen saturation.

Question 23

Hypoxemia

Answer 23

Low levels of arterial oxygen. Hypoxemia helps to control ventilation in patients with chronic lung disease. Administration of high oxygen levels is fatal for patients with chronic lung disease.

Question 24

Hypercarbia

Answer 24

Excess CO2

Question 25

The amount of air taken in on a normal breathor tidal volume

Answer 25

500 mL

Question 26

Characteristics to include in an assessment of respiration

Answer 26

Rate, depth, rhythm.

Question 27

Eight factors influencing character of respirations

Answer 27

Exercise, acute pain, anxiety, smoking, body position, medications, neurological injury, hemoglobin function.

Question 28

Point of maximal impulse or PMI

Answer 28

The apical impulse

Question 29

Alterations in breathing patterns

Answer 29

Bradypnea, tachypnea, hyperpnea, apnea, hyperventilation, hypoventilation, cheyne-stokes respiration, kussmauls respiration, biats respiration.

Question 30

Bradypnea

Answer 30

Rate of breathing is regular but abnormally slow, less than 12 breaths a minute

Question 31

Tachypnea

Answer 31

Rate of breathing is regular but abnormally rapid, greater than 20 breaths a minute

Question 32

Hyperpnea

Answer 32

Respirations are labored, increased in depth, and increased in rate, greater than 20 breaths a minute -occurs normally during exercise

Question 33

Apnea

Answer 33

Respiration cease for several seconds. Persistent cessation results in respiratory arrest.

Question 34

Hyperventilation

Answer 34

Rate and depth of respirations increase. Hypocarbia sometimes occurs.

Question 35

Hypo ventilation

Answer 35

Respiratory rate is abnormally low, and at the ventilation is depressed. Hypercarbia sometimes occurs.

Question 36

Cheyne-stokes respiration

Answer 36

Respiratory rate and depth are you regular, characterized by alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation. Respiratory cycle begins with slow shallow breaths that gradually increase to add normal rate and depth. The pattern reverses breathing slows and becomes shallow, climaxing in apnea before respiration resumes.

Question 37

Kussmauls respiration

Answer 37

Respirations are abnormally deep regular and increase in rate

Question 38

Biots respiration

Answer 38

Respirations are abnormally shallow for 2 to 3 brass followed by irregular periods of apnea

Question 39

Signs and symptoms of respiratory alterations

Answer 39

Bluish appearance of nailbeds lips mucous membranes and skin, restlessness irritability confusion reduced level of consciousness, pain during inspiration, labored or difficult breathing, ortho piña, use of accessory muscles, inability to breathe it spontaneously,….pg 87 clinical

Question 40

Determining need to assess patients respirations by looking at risk factors of respiratory alterations

Answer 40

Fever, pain in examinee, disease of chest wall or muscles, constrictive chest or abdominal dressings, presence of abdominal incisions, gastric distention, chronic pulmonary disease, dramatic injury to chest wall, presence of chest tube, respiratory infection, pulmonary Dema and emboli, Head injury would damage to brainstem, anemia.

Question 41

Patient conditions that may affect pulse ox accuracy

Answer 41

Conditions that decrease arterial blood flow such as peripheral vascular disease, hypothermia, pharmacologic vasoconstrictors, hypotension or peripheral edema.

Question 42

Where can a pulse ox probe be placed on a person

Answer 42

Earlobe, finger, toe, bridge of nose, or four head.

Question 43

Systolic pressure

Answer 43

The peak maximum pressure when ejection occurs

Question 44

Diastolic pressure

Answer 44

When the ventricles relax, the blood remaining in the arteries exerts a minimum

Question 45

Blood pressure

Answer 45

The force exerted on the walls of an artery by the pulsing blood under pressure from the heart

Question 46

Pulse pressure

Answer 46

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Question 47

Six factors that influence blood pressure

Answer 47

Age, stress, ethnicity, gender, do you need variation, medications, activity and weight.

Question 48

List the five factors responsible for maintaining blood pressure

Answer 48

Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume, viscosity, elasticity.

Question 49

Cardiac output affecting bp

Answer 49

As cardiac output increases more blood is pumped against arterial walls causing the blood pressure to rise.

Question 50

Peripheral vascular resistance affecting blood pressure

Answer 50

Peripheral vascular resistance is the resistance to bloodflow determined by the tone of vascular musculature and diameter of blood vessels. The smaller the lumen of a vessel the greater is the peripheral vascular resistance to bloodflow. As resistance rises arterial blood pressure rises. As vessels dilate and resistance Falls blood pressure drops.

Question 51

Blood volume affecting blood pressure

Answer 51

Normally the blood volume remains constant however it an increase in value exerts more pressure against arterial walls. When circulating blood volume falls as in the case of hemorrhage or dehydration blood pressure falls

Question 52

Viscosity affecting bp

Answer 52

The thickness or viscosity of blood affects the ease with which blood flows through small vessels. The hematocrit or percentage of red blood cells in the blood, determines blood viscosity when the hematocrit rises and bloodflow slows, arterial blood pressure increases.

Question 53

Hematocrit

Answer 53

Percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

Question 54

Elasticity affecting blood pressure

Answer 54

In certain diseases such as arteriosclerosis, the vessel walls lose their elasticity and replaced by fibrous tissue that cannot stretch well. Reduced elasticity result in greater resistance to bloodflow. Systolic pressure is more significantly elevated diastolic pressure as a result of reduced arterial elasticity.

Question 55

Koritkoff phases of bp

Answer 55

Phase 1 equals a sharp dump, phase 2 equals a blowing or whooshing sound, phase 3 equals a crisp intense tapping, phase 4 equals a softer blowing sound that fades, phase 5 equals silence.

Question 56

SpO2

Answer 56

Proipheral tissue

Question 57

SaO2

Answer 57

Arterial blood

Question 58

Hypertension

Answer 58

Most common alteration in blood pressure. Often asymptomatic. Diastolic readings greater than 90 mm HG and systolic readings greater than 140 mm HG define hypertension.

Question 59

Hypotension

Answer 59

Present when the systolic blood pressure falls to 90 MM HG or below. Occurs because of the dilation of the arteries in the vascular bed, The loss of a substantial amount of blood volume or the failure of the heart muscle to pump adequately.

Question 60

Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 60

Referred to as postural hypotension, occurs when a normotensive person develops symptoms and low bp when rising to an upright position.

Question 61

4 types of adventitious lung sounds

Answer 61

Crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, pleural friction.

Question 62

Ischemia

Answer 62

Inadequate tissue percussion results in an inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells.