Test 1 Flashcards
American nurses Association
The American Nurses Association (ANA) is a professional organization to advance and protect the profession of nursing. Their purpose is to improve standards of health and the availability of healthcare, to foster high standards for nursing and to promote the professional development and general economic welfare of nurses. It started in 1896 as the Nurses Associated Alumnae and was renamed the American Nurses Association in 1911. They defined nursing as the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities. Prevention of illness and injury. Alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response. And advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, in populations.
Clinical nurse specialist
An APRN (advanced practice nurse) Who is an expert in a specialized area of practice, carries out direct client care, consultation, teaching clients, families, and staff, and conducting research.
Nurse practitioner
An APRN Who provides healthcare to a group of patients, usually in an outpatient, ambulatory care, or community based setting. They provide care for patients with complex problems and a more holistic approach than physicians. They are able to establish a collaborative provider patient relationship. The major categories are acute care, adult, family, pediatric, women’s, psychiatric mental health, in geriatric. They have the knowledge and skills necessary to detect in manage self-limitingacute and chronic stable medical conditions.
Nurse educator
Work primarily in schools of nursing, staff development Department of health care agencies, and patient education departments. They need experience in clinical practice to provide them with practical skills and theoretical knowledge.
Nurse administrator
Manages patient’s healthcare in the delivery of specific nursing services within a healthcare agency. They begin with positions such as the assistant nurse manager. They usually require at least a bachelorette degree in nursing. They need to be skilled in business and management and understand all aspects of nursing and patient care functions include budgeting, staffing, strategic planning of programs and services, employee in evaluation, and employee development.
Nurse researcher
Investigates problems to improve nursing care and further defined and expand the scope of nursing practice. They often work in an academic Setting, hospital, or independent professional or community service agency. Requirement is a Docktor agree with at least a masters degree.
National league for nursing
Advances excellence in nursing education to prepare nurses to meet the needs of diverse population in a changing healthcare environment. They set standards for excellence and innovation in nursing education.
Nurse practice act
Statutes enacted by the legislator of any of the states or the appropriate officers of the districts or possessions that describe and define the scope of nursing practice.
Nurse anesthetist
A nurse who completes a course of study in anesthesia school, carries out preoperative visit and assessments, and ministers and monitors anesthesia during surgery, evaluates post operative status of clients.
Licensed practical nurse or licensed vocational nurse
Trained in basic nursing skills and in the provision of direct patient care
Nursing theory
A conceptualization of some aspect of nursing that describes, explain, predict or prescribes nursing care. Series constitute much of the knowledge of a discipline. Syrian scientific inquiry are vital links to another, providing guidelines for decision-making, problem-solving, and nursing interventions.
Nursing
is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems. The scope of nursing is broad. From a nursing diagnosis the nurse create a patient centered plan of care for each of the patient’s health problems.
Physician assistant
Physician assistants, also known as PAs, practice medicine on a team under the supervision of physicians and surgeons. They are formally educated to examine patients, diagnose injuries and illnesses, and provide treatment.
Pharmacist
healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use
Professional organization
A professional association (also called a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) is usually a nonprofit organization seeking to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals engaged in that profession and the public interest.
Continuing education
is an all-encompassing term within a broad spectrum of post-secondary learning activities and programs
Independent nursing actions
When nurses care for patients they follow the nursing process. This includes making a plan and setting goals for the patient. Nursing interventions are the actual treatments and actions that are performed to help the patient to reach the goals that are set for them. The nurse uses his or her knowledge, experience and critical thinking skills to decide which interventions will help the patient the most.
Dependent nursing actions
Actions prescribed by physician or by operational protocol in a health care facility; physician-initiated interventions carried out by nurses for patient care.
In service education
An inservice program is a professional training or staff development effort, where professionals are trained and discuss their work with others in their peer group. It is a key component of continuing medical education for physicians, pharmacists, and other medical professionals.
Interdependent nursing actions
pertaining to actions or activities that require one individual to work with another. Interdependent nursing actions are those that are performed by the nurse after mutual determination by the nurse and the physician. They also include activities directed by the physician but requiring nursing judgment to perform.
Social worker
Social workers help people solve and cope with problems in their everyday lives. One group of social workers, clinical social workers, also diagnose and treat mental, behavioral, and emotional issues
Lavinia Dock
1858-1956 Lavinia Lloyd Dock (February 26, 1858 – April 17, 1956)[1] was a nurse, feminist, author, pioneer in nursing education and social activist.[2] Dock was an assistant superintendent at Johns Hopkins School of Nursing under Isabel Hampton Robb. With Robb and Mary Adelaide Nutting, she helped to found the organization that would become the National League for Nursing. Dock was a contributing editor to the American Journal of Nursing and she authored several books, including (with M. Adelaide Nutting as co-author) a four-volume history of nursing and what was for many years a standard nurse’s manual of drugs.[3] She campaigned for women’s rights for many years.
Isabell Hampton Robb
1860-1910 Isabel Adams Hampton Robb (1860–1910) was an American nurse theorist, author, nursing school administrator and early leader. Hampton was the first Superintendent of Nurses at the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, wrote several influential textbooks, and helped to found the organizations that became known as the National League for Nursing, the International Council of Nurses, and the American Nurses Association. Hampton also played a large role in advancing the social status of nursing through her work in developing a curriculum of more advanced training during her time at the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing.
Florence Nightingale
1820-1910 Established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration. She saw the role of nursing as having charge of somebody’s house based on the knowledge of how to put the body in such a state to be free of disease or to recover from disease. She developed the first organize program for training nurses, the Nightingale training school for nurses at Saint Thomas’ hospital in London. She was the first practicing nurse epidemiologist. She volunteered during the Crimean war in 1853. Because of her the mortality rate reduced from 42.7% to 2.2% in six months.
Clara Barton
Founded the Red Cross
Dorothea Lynde Dix
1802-1887 Influence nursing during the Civil War. As a superintendent of the female nurses of the Union Army, she organize hospitals, appointed nurses, and oversaw and regulated supplies to the troops.
Lillian Wald
1867-1940 with Mary Brewster opens the Henry Street settlement, which focused on the health needs of poor people who lived in tenants in New York City. It required quick and innovative problem solving and critical thinking without the supervision or direction of a healthcare provider.
Mary Adelaide Nutting
1858-1948 was instrumental in the affiliation I’m nursing education with universities. She became the first professor of nursing at Columbia University teachers college in 1906. She thought nursing education needed increased financial support and suggested that university schools of nursing receive the money.
Roles and functions of nurses
Caregiver communicator teacher counselor leader researcher advocate rehabilitator
The seven basic elements of a profession
- Have a strong scientific base
- Have a strong service orientation
- Be the recognized authority by the professional group with the community sanction
- Have a code of ethics
- Have a professional organization that sets standards
- Conduct ongoing research
- Have autonomy
How is nursing a profession?
It’s practice involves specialized skills and application of knowledge. It is based on education that includes both theoretical and clinical components. It uphold standards set forth by professional organizations and follows a quart of attics. It carries out research defining the body of knowledge specific to atone practice. Nurses increasingly assume control and authority to direct and give care to clients, using the nursing process to identify the aspects of care that are unique to nursing.
International Council of nurses
The objectives of the ICN parallel those of the ANA promoting national associations of nurses, improving standards of nursing practice, seeking a higher status for nurses, and providing an international powerbase for nurses.
Quality and safety education for nurses QSEN
There initiative is to respond to reports about safety and quality patient care, they address the challenge to prepare nurses with the competencies needed to continuously improve the quality of care in their work environments.
National student nurses Association
Nursing students take part in this organization to consider issues of importance to nursing students such as crew development in preparation for licensing.
Informatics
Informatics is the science of computer information systems. As an academic field it involves the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems.
ANA standards of nursing practice
- Assess
- Diagnose
- Outcomes identification
- Planning
- Implementation
- coordinate
- health teach and promote
- consultation
- prescriptive authority and treatment - Evaluate
Significance of the nurse practice act
Regulate the scope of nursing practice and protect public health, safety, and welfare. This includes shielding the public from unqualified an unsafe nurses. Each state to find for itself the scope of nursing practice although most have similar NPAs
The purpose of in-service education programs
To increase the knowledge skills and competencies of nurses and other healthcare professionals employed by the institution. Often in service programs are focused on new technologies such as how to correctly use the newest safety syringes.
Purposes of continuing education
Update your knowledge about the latest research and practice development, helps you to specialize in a particular area of practice, and he’d use your new skills and techniques.
Swanson’s five caring processes
Knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief
Caring behaviors
Providing presents, offering a caring touch, listening, knowing the patient, spiritual caring, relieving pain and suffering, and family care.
Caring
A universal phenomenon influencing the ways in which people think, feel, and behave in relation to one another.
Watsons 10 carative factors
Forming a human-altruistic value system, instilling faith and hope, cultivating a sensitivity to oneself into others, developing a helping trusting human caring relationship, promoting and expressing positive and negative feelings, using creative problem-solving caring processes, promoting transpersonal teaching learning, providing for a supportive protective andor corrective mental physical societal and spiritual environment, meeting human needs, allowing for existential phenomenological spiritual forces.
Nursing theory
A conceptualization of some aspect of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, and or prescribing nursing care.
The paradigm of nursing
Identifies for the links of interest to the profession, being the person, health, environment or situation, and nursing. These are essential to the development of Theory.
Steps of evidence-based practice
- Ask a clinical question
- Collect the most relevant and best evidence
- Critically appraise the evidence you gather
- Integrate all evidence which ones clinical expertise and patient preferences and values and making a practice decision or change
- Evaluate the practice decision or change
- Sure the outcomes of EBP changes with others
How to develop a PICOT question, when addressing your practice question
P= patient population of interest
Identify patients by age gender city and disease or health problem
I= intervention of interest
Which intervention is worthwhile to use and practice
C= comparison of interest
What is the usual standard of care or current interventions used now in practice
O= outcome
What results do you wish to achieve or observe as a result of an intervention
T= Time
What amount of time is needed for an intervention to achieve an outcome
Nursing research
A way to identify new knowledge, improve professional education and practice, and use resources effectively. It is a systematic process that asks and answers questions to generate knowledge. The knowledge provides a scientific basis for nursing practice and validates the effectiveness of nursing interventions. It improves professional education and practice and helps nurses use resources effectively.
Scientific method
The foundation of research in the most reliable and objective of all methods of gaining knowledge. It is an advanced objective means of acquiring and testing knowledge.
Empirical data
Gathered through the use of observations and assessments and use the data to discover new knowledge
Nursing process
Assessment, diagnosis, planning, goals, and patient outcomes, implementation, evaluation.
Research process
Identify the problem, developing a hypothesis, design the study, conduct the study, analyze the results, use the findings.
Active strategies of health promotion
Individuals are motivated to adopt specific health programs. It requires patience to be actively involved in measures to improve their present and future levels of wellness while decreasing the risk of disease.
Acute illness
Usually reversible, has a short duration, and is often severe. The symptoms appear abruptly, are intense, and often subside after relatively short period. May affect functioning in any dimension.
Chronic illness
Persist, usually longer than six months, is your reversible, and affects functioning in one or more symptoms. Patient often fluctuate between maximal functioning in serious help relapses that may be life threatening. It is similar to a person with a disability, both have varying degrees of functional limitations that result from either a pathological process or an injury.social surroundings and physical environment in which the individual lives frequently affect The abilities, motivation, and psychological maintenance of the person with a chronic illness or disability.
Illness behavior
People who are ill generally act in a way that medical sociologist call on this behavior. It involves how people monitor their bodies, defined in interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the resources in the healthcare system.
Change in body image due to a change in physical appearance- phases
The patient generally I just in the following phases, shock, withdrawal, acknowledgment, acceptance, and rehabilitation.
Illness
A state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired. Illness is not synonymous with disease. Nurses are often more concerned with illness then with disease.illness may include disease but also includes the Effects on functioning and well-being in all dimensions.
Health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It is a state of being that people do fine in relation to their own values, personality, and lifestyle. Also defined as the actualization of inherent in acquired human potential through goal directed behavior, competent South Carolina, and satisfying relationships with others while adjustments are made as needed to maintain structural integrity and harmony with the environment. Use of health very among different age groups, genders, races, and cultures.
Health behaviors
Can be both positive or negative, and include activities related to maintaining, attaining, or regaining good health and preventing illness. Or they include practices actually or potentially harmful to health.
Accreditation
Process whereby a professional association or non-governmental agency grants recognition to a school or institution for demonstrated ability to meet predetermined criteria.
Passive strategies of health promotion
Individuals gain from the activities of others without acting themselves.
Health promotion
Activities such as routine exercise and good nutrition help patients maintain or enhance their present levels of health. Motivate people to act positively to reach more stable levels of health.
Illness prevention
Activities such as immunizations programs protect patientsfrom actual or potential threats to health. They motivate people to avoid declines and health or functional levels.
Risk factor
Any situation, habit, social or environmental condition, physiological or psychological condition, developmental or intellectual condition, spiritual condition, or other variable increases the Bonner ability of an individual or group to an illness or accident.
Self concept
A mental self image of strengths and weaknesses in all aspects of personality. Depends on part body image and rolls but also includes other aspects of psychology and spirituality.
Primary prevention
Is true prevention, the proceeds disease or dysfunction and is applied to patients considered physically and emotionally healthy. It includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities.
Secondary prevention
Focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. It is directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. It includes screening techniques and treating early stages of disease to limit disability by adverting or do you laying the consequences of advanced disease.
Tertiary prevention
Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent in irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration. Directed at rehabilitation rather than diagnosis and treatment. This is called preventative care.
Top five leading causes of death
Heart disease, cancer, stroke or cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, accidents or unintentional injuries.
Types of risk factors
Genetic and physiological factors, age, environment, and lifestyle
Variables that influence illness behavior
Internal variables such as patient perceptions of symptoms in the nature of the illness, external variables that include the visibility of symptoms, social group, cultural background, economic variables and so on. See page 75
Health-illness continuum
The Illness-Wellness Continuum is a graphic illustration of a wellbeing concept first proposed by John W. Travis in 1972. It describes how wellbeing is more than simply an absence of illness, but also incorporates the individual’s mental and emotional health. Can not be separated.
Variables influencing Health, health beliefs, and practices
Internal variables are developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of functioning, emotional factors, spiritual factors, and external variables are family practices, so she’ll economic factors, and cultural background
Health risk appraisal
A health risk assessment (also referred to as a health risk appraisal and health & well-being assessment) is one of the most widely used screening tools in the field of health promotion and is often the first step in multi-component health promotion programs.
High-level wellness
a concept of optimal health that emphasizes the integration of body, mind, and environment to maximize the function of an individual.
Prospective payment system
One of the most significant factors that influenced payment for health care. It Eliminated cot based reimbursement. Hospitals serving patients who received Medicare benefits were no longer able to charge whatever a patient’s care cost, instead the PPS grouped inpatient hospital services for Medicare patients into diagnosis-related groups.
Diagnosis related groups
Each group has a fixed reimbursement amount with adjust ya based on case severity, rural/urban/regional costs, and teaching costs. Hospitals receive a set dollar amount for each patient based on the assigned DRG, regardless of the patients length of stay or use of services.
Extended care facility
Provides intermediate medical, nursing, or custodial care for patients recovering from acute illness or those with chronic illnesses or disabilities.
Respite care
Is a service that provides short-term relief or time off for people providing home care to an L disabled or feel older adult. Offered in the home a day care setting or a healthcare institution that provides overnight care.
Adult day care center
Provide a variety of health and social services services to specific patient populations who live alone or with family in the community. Allows family members to maintain their lifestyles and employment and still provide home care for their relatives. Centers are associated with a hospital or nursing home or exist as independent centers.
Hospice
A system of family centered care that allows patients to live and remain at home with comfort, independence, and dignity while easing the pains of terminal illness.focus of hospice care is palliative care, not curative treatment.
Medicaid
State medical assistance to people with low income.
Medicare
Federally funded national health insurance program in the US for people over 65 years of age. The program is administered in two parts, part a and part B.
Crisis intervention
Use of therapeutic techniques directed toward helping a patient resolve a particular and immediate problem.
Preferred provider organization
Managed care plan the limits an enrollees choice to a list of “preferred” hospitals, physicians, and providers. And it really pays more out-of-pocket expenses for using a provider not on the list.
Ambulatory care centers
Mobile-friendly - Many Medical Investigations and treatments for acute and chronic illnesses and preventive health care can be performed on an ambulatory basis, including minor surgical and medical procedures, most types of dental services, dermatology services, and many types of diagnostic procedures (e.g. blood tests, X-rays, …
Healthcare delivery system
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system or healthcare system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
Health maintenance organizations
A health maintenance organization (HMO) is an organization that provides or arranges managed care for health insurance, self-funded health care benefit plans, individuals, and other entities in the United States and acts as a liaison with health care providers (hospitals, doctors, etc.) on a prepaid basis.
Mutual aid self-help groups
utual aid, also called self-help groups, play an important role in recovery from alcohol and drug addiction for millions of people. There are mutual support groups for persons with an alcohol and drug problem as well as for their families or significant others.
Public health service
The Public Health Service (PHS) is the operating division of the Health and Human Services Department (HHS) responsible for promoting the protection and advancement of the American population’s physical and mental well-being.
Major problems facing the present healthcare delivery system
Rising costs, increased access to services, a growing population, and improved quality of outcomes. As a result emphasis of healthcare industry today is shifting from managing illness to managing health of the community in the environment.
Primary healthcare
Focuses on improved health outcomes for an entire population. It includes primary care and health education, proper nutrition, maternal and Child health care, family planning, immunizations, and control disease.
Preventative care
More disease oriented and focused on reducing and controlling risk factors for disease directivity such as immunization in occupational health programs.
Managed care organization
Provides comprehensive preventative and treatment services to a specific group of voluntary and rolled people.
Secondary and tertiary care. Also called acute-care
The diagnosis and treatment of illnesses are traditionally the most common services.
Restorative care
Patients recovering from an acute or chronic illness or disability often require additional services to return to their previous level of function or reach a new level of function limited by their own this or disability. The goals are to help individuals regain maximal functional status and enhance quality of life your promotion of independence in self-care.
Skills required in community-based nursing
Caregiver, case manager, change agent, patient advocate, collaborator, Counselor, educator, and epidemiologist
Nociceptove pain
Used to describe how pain becomes a conscious experience. Nociception means normal.it is the result of actual or potential tissue damage or inflammation and is often categorized as being somatic or visceral.
Process of normal pain
Transduction to transmission to perception to modulation
Neuropathic pain
Used referred to pain that is believed to be sustained by a set of mechanisms that is driven by damage to or dysfunction of the PNS and or CNS
What to assess for with pain
Locations, intensity, quality, onset and duration, aggravating and relieving factors, effective pain and function and quality-of-life, comfort function or pain intensity outcomes, other information
Four categories related to pain location
Localized pain, projected pain, referred pain, radiating pain
Localized pain
Confined to the site of origin
Projected pain
Diffuse around the site of origin and is not well localized
Referred pain
Felt in an area distant from the site of painful stimuli
Radiating pain
Felt along a specific nerve or nerves
Key components of the hierarchy of pain measures
One is to attempt to obtain self-report. Two is to consider underlying path allergy or conditions and procedures that might be painful. Three is to observe behaviors. Four is to evaluate psychologic indicators. Five is to conduct an analgesic trial.
Three types of analgesics
None opioids like Tylenol and non-steroidal same planet Tori drugs, opioids traditionally call narcotics, and adjuvants or co-analgesics.
