Visual Systems Fundus Abnormalities

Question 1

Where is the location of the optic disc when looking at a patients fundus

Answer 1

The optic disc will always be medial (nasal) to the macula. Your right is their left

Question 2

The central retina lies where in relation to the optic disc

Answer 2

Lateral

Question 3

What is the diameter of the optic disc

Answer 3

~1.5mm

Question 4

What are some fundoscopic indications that a patient may have papilledema

Answer 4

If the disc is elevated, swollen, darker than normal, or if the disc edges are blurred

Question 5

Papillidema

Answer 5

A sign of increased intracranial pressure

Question 6

Why does the optic disc appear swollen when there is increased intracranial pressure

Answer 6

The optic sheath is surrounded by dura, and an increase in intracranial pressure is transmitted in the subarachnoid space surrounding the nerve, which impedes the return of venous blood from the eye as well as axo-plasmic transport of RGC axons.

Question 7

What are some other conditions that can result in optic disc swelling

Answer 7

1. Hypertension

2. Optic neuritis (MS indicator) and ca result in a sluggish response in the pupillary light reflex

Question 8

What is the cause of death in shaken baby syndrome

Answer 8

Brain herniation or brainstem avlsion due to a subdural hematoma typically

Question 9

What are major signs and symptoms of shaken baby syndrome

Answer 9

Eccymosis-bruising of the sternum

Retinal hemorrhage, papiledema, retinal detachment

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