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ANATOMY > Visual System COPY > Flashcards

Visual System COPY Flashcards

1
Q

The first 3 layers of the retina are the:

A

pigment epithelium, outer and inner segment layer, outer limiting membrane

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2
Q

The last 3 layers of the retina are the:

A

ganglion cell layer, nerve fiber layer, inner limiting membrane

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3
Q

limiting membranes are established by _________ joined at _______

A

glial cell processes, tight junctions

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4
Q

The _______ is adjacent to the pigment epithelium

A

choroid

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5
Q

The photoreceptor cell bodies reside in the _______ layer

A

outer nuclear layer

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6
Q

The photoreceptor cell processes exist in the __________

A

inner and outer segment layer

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7
Q

bipolar cells of the retina exist in the _______ layer

A

inner nuclear layer

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8
Q

Ganglion cells of the retina exist in the _________

A

ganglion cell layer

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9
Q

The ______ artery is fed by ciliary arteries

A

choroid

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10
Q

The sclera is deep to the ______

A

choroid

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11
Q

Rod photoreceptors are sensing light when cGMP levels are ______ and 5’GMP levels are ______

A

low, high

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12
Q

The ______ of a cone photoreceptor is the area of synapse

A

pedicle

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13
Q

The pedicle is a synaptic expansion of cone photoreceptors and includes the ________

A

synaptic ribbon

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14
Q

The L-cone and M-cone photoreceptor DNA is on the ________ chromosome, while the S-cone is on the _________ chromosome

A

X chromosome, autosome

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15
Q

Horizontal cells provide for lateral inhibition in ________ layer to _______ cells and ______ cells which sharpens images

A

outer plexiform layer, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells

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16
Q

Amacrine cells provide lateral inhibition to ________ layer to _____ cells and ______ cells, which increases ganglion cell sensitivity to moving stimuli

A

inner plexiform layer, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

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17
Q

Typically photoreceptors synapse with __________ cells

A

both on-center and off-center bipolar cells

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18
Q

Each _______ cell synapse with an on-center ganglion cell

A

on-center bipolar cell

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19
Q

In _______, glutamate binds its receptor and an ion channel opens to cation entry when photoreceptors are activated

A

open channels of on and off-center cells

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20
Q

In _______ of on and off-center cells, glutamate binds its receptor and the associated ion channel closes to cation entry

A

closed channels

21
Q

The ________ is located in mesoderm and induces ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm, neural plate, neural groove, then neural tube

A

notochord

22
Q

The ________ eventually forms the CNS

A

neural tube

23
Q

The ________ after neurulation eventually forms the PNS

A

neural crest

24
Q

Prior to cranial neuropore closure, two ________ form on either side of the forebrain

A

optic grooves

25
Q

The _______ arises from ectoderm near the neural tube

A

neural crest

26
Q

optic vesicles are __________ which form after cranial neuropore closure

A

outpocketings of the forebrain

27
Q

The ________ induces formation of the lens placode from surface ectoderm

A

optic vesicles

28
Q

The ________ forms a double-walled optic cup in week 5 of development with an inner (neural layer) and an outer (pigmented) layer

A

optic vesicle

29
Q

In week 6 of development the ________ connects the optic cup to the forebrain and becomes the optic nerve

A

optic stalk

30
Q

The sheath of the optic nerve is continuous with:

A

the meninges of the brain and the choroid and sclera

31
Q

The ______ is the space between the pigment layer and neural layer of the retina during development

A

intraretinal space

32
Q

The _______ lies at the most distal end of the iris

A

sphincter pupillae

33
Q

The sclera, stroma of the cornea, ciliary body, iris, and choroid are derived from the ________ of the ________

A

neural crest, mesoderm

34
Q

The _______ is derived partly from neural ectoderm of the optic cup, and partly from mesenchyme

A

vitreous body

35
Q

The sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles are derived from ________

A

neural ectoderm

36
Q

The lacrimal gland and its drainage system are derived from:

A

surface ectoderm

37
Q

SHH is secreted by the _______ during development and inhibits PAX6 expression in midline and upregulates PAX2 expression in midline

A

prechordal plate

38
Q

______ is master gene for eye development and regulates differentiation of optic cup and lens

A

PAX6

39
Q

_____ regulates differentiation of the optic stalk and optic nerve

A

PAX2

40
Q

________ may occur if the choroid fissure fails to close in the 7th week of development

A

coloboma (cleft optic cup/optic stalk)

41
Q

_______ is the most common type of this disease and may affect structures more proximal

A

coloboma iridis (cleft of iris)

42
Q

Mutations in _____ have been linked to optic nerve colobomas

A

PAX2

43
Q

The lens of the eye is a ________ and images from it appear _______

A

convex lens, reversed and inverted

44
Q

The ______ of the eye is continuous with dura mater

A

sclera

45
Q

The ______ is composed of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid

A

uvea

46
Q

The connecting stalk (cilium) of each photoreceptor is made from ________

A

9 pair microtubule cytoskeleton

47
Q

The pigment epithelium has ______ which interdigitate with the outer segments of rod cells

A

apical processes of pigment epithelial cells

48
Q

The ___________ functions to supply the neural retina with glucose and ions, maintain photoreceptor anatomy by phagocytosis

A

pigment epithelium

ANATOMY (7 decks)

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