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ANATOMY > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

the blood supply of the photoreceptors of the eye is the _____ , and the supply of the retina and distal CN II is the ______.

A

choroid (fed by ciliary arteries), central artery of retina…both stem from the opthalmic artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

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2
Q

detached retina occurs between ____ and ______ which take their blood supply from the _____

A

pigment epithelium, photoreceptive layer, choroid

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3
Q

In rods, the photopigment is ______ and transduction depolarizes rod which _______ ________ __________

A

rhodopsin, decreases glutamate release

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4
Q

The action of Rhodopsin is to interact with _______ and ______ to convert ______ to _______

A

transducin, phosphodiesterase, cGMP, 5’GMP

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5
Q

L-cone and M-cone are on ____ (chromosome) but S-cone is on ______ (chromosome)

A

X-chromosome, autosome

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6
Q

horizontal cells found in the _____ layer have this action (1). Amacrine cells found in ______ layer have this action (2)

A

outer plexiform layer, (1) sharpen edges of images, inner plexiform layer, (2) increase ganglion sensitivity to moving stimuli

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7
Q

open channels are for ________ and closed channels are for ________. If glutamate binds an open channel, this happens:

A

off center bipolar and ganglion cells, on center bipolar and ganglion cells cations are allowed through the channel, hyperpolarizing each cell type

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8
Q

neural tube forms the ______ and the neural crest forms the ______

A

CNS, PNS (cells with nuclei outside brain and spinal cord)

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9
Q

The neural tube is _______ but is found in the ________. It invaginates and makes contact with _______ which induces formation of _________.

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, surface ectoderm, lens placodes

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10
Q

inner layer of invaginated optic vessicle is _______ and the outer layer is the ________. The layer lying outside of the invagination is the _______.

A

pigment epithelium, retina, lens placode

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11
Q

lens and cornea are avascular in adult and get nutrients from _________

A

aqueous humor

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12
Q

neural crest-derived structures include:

A

sclera, stroma of cornea, ciliary body, iris, choroid

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13
Q

PAX 6 is master gene for eye development and regulates differentiation of _____ and ______. PAX2 regulates differentiation of ______ and ________

A

optic cup, lens optic stalk, optic nerve

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14
Q

__________ may occur if choroid fissure fails to close in 7th week of development. _________ is the most common phenotype. Mutations in ______ have been linked to optic nerve phenotypes.

A

Coloboma (cleft), Coloboma iridis (cleft iris), PAX2

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15
Q

cytoskeleton holding each photoreceptor to the basal body is made of:

A

9 pairs of microtubules

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16
Q

The 3 functions of the pigment epithelium are:

A
  1. supplies neural retina with glucose and ions 2. protects photoreceptors from damaging light 3. periodically phagocytoses part of photoreceptor
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17
Q

________ form the optic nerve which exits at the optic disk

A

ganglion cell axons

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18
Q

cataracts can be caused by these 5 things:

A

congenital (ex. rubella infection), diabetes, medications, UV, aging

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19
Q

ciliary muscle ______ in response to near objects which _______ the lens.

A

contracts, fattens

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20
Q

Mydriasis is caused by _________ muscle, miosis is caused by the _______ muscle.

A

pupillary sphincter, pupillary dilator

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21
Q

glaucoma is caused by:

A

blockage of canal of Schlemm

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22
Q

cornea layers from outer to inner:

A

non-keratinized squamous epithelium, Bowman’s membrane (basal lamina), Descemet’s membrane (basement membrane), endothelial cells

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23
Q

The 4 types of retinal ganglion cells are:

A

parasol (magnocellular), midget (parvocellular), small bistratified, intrinsically photoreceptive (ipRGC)

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24
Q

________ cells receive input primarily from rod cells and have large receptive fields. _______ cells receive input primarily from cone cells and have small receptive fields.

A

Parasol (M), Midget (P, Beta)

25
Q

the pretectal nuclei are located adjacent to _________, are involved in the _________ reflex, and receive projections from the ________.

A

superior colliculi and pineal gland, pupillary light, ipRGC

26
Q

______ __ ________ controls diurnal rhythms and receives projections from the _______

A

SCN of hypothalamus, ipRGC

27
Q

The _______ is involved in reflexive saccades and receives inputs from the ipRGC via the ________.

A

superior colliculus, brachium of the superior colliculus

28
Q

The _______ of the _______ controls vision and receives RGC axons via the retinogeniculate projection

A

LGN of the thalamus

29
Q

Layers 1-2 of the LGN of the thalamus contain ______ cells and receive input from _______ and contribute to interpreting direction of movement.

A

M, parasol (M)

30
Q

All ______ input travels contralaterally to layers 1,4,6 of LGN of thalamus. All _______ input travels ipsilaterally to layers 2,3,5.

A

nasal, temporal

31
Q

LGN of thalamus blood supply is _______. pulvinar nucleus of thalamus blood supply is _____.

A

thalamogeniculate artery of PCA, medial posterior choroidal artery

32
Q

pupillary light reflex afferent limb synapses at ________. These axons synapse bilaterally at the ________ via the ________. Efferent limb of the reflex are parasympathetic-preganglionic and synapse at ________. These axons then synapse at the ________ muscle and cause it to contract, constricting the pupil.

A

pretectal nuclei, EW nuclei, ciliary ganglia, pupillary sphincter

33
Q

The accomodation reflex utilizes the _____, ________, and the ________ before synapsing in the

A

LGN of thalamus, primary visual cortex, visual association cortex, supraoculomotor area which synapses bilaterally in EW nuclei

34
Q

pupillary dilation: axons from _______ synapse on T1-T3 and sympathetic preganglionic axons synapse on superior cervical ganglion, then those synapse on pupillary dilator muscle.

A

hypothalamus

35
Q

2 causes of horner syndrome due to damage to hypothalamo-spinal neurons:

A

lateral medullary syndrome, cervical spinal cord transection

36
Q

2 causes of horner syndrome due to damage to preganglionic sympathetic neurons:

A

sympathetic chain compression, thoracic spinal cord transection

37
Q

3 causes of Horner syndrome due to damage to postganglionic sympathetic neurons:

A

cavernous sinus tumor, carotid artery dissection, jugular foramen syndromes

38
Q

LGN axons project via _____________ limb of internal capsule which is supplied by the _______ artery.

A

retrolenticular limb, anterior choroidal

39
Q

lateral inferior optic radiation (Meyer’s loop) travels through the _______ lobe to the ________ gyrus.

A

temporal, lingual

40
Q

medial superior optic radiation travels through the ______ lobe to the _______ gyrus.

A

parietal, cuneus

41
Q

optic chiasm blood supply

A

branches of anterior communicating artery and ACA

42
Q

optic tract blood supply

A

anterior choroidal artery of Internal Carotid

43
Q

blood supply of retrolenticular limb of internal capsule:

A

anterior choroidal artery

44
Q

MCA stem is blood supply to

A

entire optic radiation

45
Q

MCA inferior trunk is blood supply to:

A

inferior temporal optic radiation (Meyer’s Loop)

46
Q

Blood supply to primary visual cortex:

A

calcarine artery of PCA

47
Q

Blood supply to superior parietal optic radiation:

A

PCA

48
Q

PCA stem supplies all 9 of these locations:

A

primary visual cortex, superior parietal optic radiation, LGN, VPN, MGN, crus cerebri, occulomotor nerve, red nucleus, substantia nigra

49
Q

thalamogeniculate artery supplies these 3 locations:

A

LGN, VPL, VPM

50
Q

MCA superior trunk supplies these 3 areas:

A

primary somatosensory cortex, primary somatomotor cortex, frontal eye field

51
Q

MCA inferior trunk supplies this/these structure(s):

A

inferior temporal optic radiation (Meyer’s Loop)

52
Q

__________ supplies blood to the primary somatosensory cortex, primary somatomotor cortex, frontal eye field, and superior temporal optic radiation (Meyer’s Loop)

A

MCA distal stem

53
Q

defect in formation of occular dominance columns leads to:

A

absence of depth perception and steropsis (binocular vision)

54
Q

This type of cell is found in location IV of primary visual cortex has a concentric center-surround receptive field.

A

granule cell

55
Q

This type of cell is found in areas II, III, V, and VI of the primary visual cortex and has a simple receptive field (responds to bars)

A

simple cell

56
Q

Dorsal stream visual association includes these 3 areas in the eye, thalamus, and brain respectively:

A

parasol (M) ganglion cells, LGN layers 1 and 2, Brodman areas 17, 18, and 7a

57
Q

damage to dorsal stream visual association pathway results in:

A

patient can identify objects but cannot distinguish which one is closest

58
Q

visual agnosia happens when damage to visual association cortex Brodman areas:

A

18, 20, 21

ANATOMY (7 decks)

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