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Brain and Behaviour > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the visual system designed to recognise and localise?

A

Food
Predators
Mates

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2
Q

The morphology of sensory neurons is largely defined by its ________

A

Function

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3
Q

What is the superior colliculus responsible for?

A

Attentional vision (turning to focus on something)

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4
Q

The retina consists of __ layers of neurons and __ layers of synapses

A

3

2

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5
Q

Feedforward neurons are…

A

Photoreceptors
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells

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6
Q

Feedback neurons are…

A

Horizontal cells

Amacrine cells

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7
Q

Layers of synapses

A

Inner and outer plexiform layers

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8
Q

Rods are active at ___ light

A

Dim

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9
Q

Cones are active at ____ light

A

Bright

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10
Q

ON bipolar cells _____ in response to light

A

Depolarise

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11
Q

OFF bipolar cells _____ in response to light

A

Hyperpolarise

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12
Q

What is the receptive field?

A

An area in the retina which when illuminated activates a visual neuron

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13
Q

The optic nerve is the information…

A

Bottleneck

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14
Q

Right visual field activates the _____ side of the brain and vice versa

A

Left

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15
Q

What is the main function of the retina?

A

Image acquisition

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16
Q

What does the lateral geniculate nucleus do?

A

Sends information to the primary visual cortex

Preprocesses visual information

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17
Q

What is the superior colliculus responsible for?

A

Attentional

Focusing on the visual field

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18
Q

Two main visual pathways

A

Ventral

Dorsal

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19
Q

Ventral pathway

A

What pathway
Object feature stream
Jennifer Anniston neurones

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20
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

Where pathway
Space related stream
Useful for sport to position ourselves to catch a ball etc

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21
Q

Where is the ventral pathway?

A

Inferior temporal lobe

22
Q

Where is the dorsal pathway?

A

Posterior parietal lobe

23
Q

What does the pupil do?

A

Regulates the amount of light falling on the retina

24
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Focuses the image on the fovea

25
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Part of the retina with highest visual acuity

26
Q

The rest of the retina has _____ acuity and contains primarily _____

A

Smaller

Rods

27
Q

Light travels through ____ cells

A

Muller

28
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Feedback to photoreceptors

Feedforward to bipolar cells

29
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Most diverse type of cell in retina
Inhibitory
Send feedback to bipolar cell (inhibit bipolar cells)
Feedforward to ganglion cells

30
Q

Phototransduction happens in the _____ segment

A

Outer

31
Q

Photoreceptors respond to light flashes by…

A

Hyperpolarisation

32
Q

In darkness, the sodium calcium channel is ____ and the membrane is _____

A

Open
Depolarised
(influx of sodium and calcium ions makes the membrane less negative)

33
Q

Why are photoreceptor synapses special?

A

They have ribbon synapses
Can release vesicle constantly
Do not spike, have graded potentials
Release glutamate

34
Q

When light goes up, the release rate of glutamate goes _____ and vice versa

A

Down

35
Q

ON cells ____ when you apply glutamate

A

Hyperpolarise

36
Q

What is centre surround organisation of the receptive field?

A

Illumination of the centre leads to an opposite response to illumination of the surround
Centre depolarises
Surround hyperpolarises

37
Q

Mechanism of centre-surround organisation

A

Many photoreceptors coverage to 1 bipolar cell
Photoreceptors in the centre, directly synapsed to bipolar cells
Peripheral photoreceptors synapse to the horizontal cell and therefore cause bipolar cell to depolarise

38
Q

Centre mechanism

A

Light
Hyperpolarises photoreeptor
Transmitter (glutamate) stops being released
Bipolar cell hyperpolarises

39
Q

Surround mechanism

A 
Light 
Hyperpolarises photoreceptor 
Hyperpolarises horizontal cell 
Stops hyperpolarising photoreceptor 
Bipolar cell depolarises
40
Q

Do ganglion cells spike?

A

Yes

41
Q

What happens when you stimulate the centre of an off-centre ganglion cell?

A

They stop spiking

42
Q

What happens when you stimulate the surround of an off-centre ganglion cell?

A

They spike more frequently

43
Q

What happens when you stimulate the surround of an on-centre ganglion cell?

A

They stop spiking

44
Q

What happens when you stimulate the centre of an on-centre ganglion cell?

A

They spike more frequently

45
Q

It appears that ganglion cells are designed to respond to ______ in illumination that occur within the receptive field

A

Differences

46
Q

If you have an illumination which covers the whole receptive field evenly, _____ of cells _____ spike.

A

The majority

Would not

47
Q

Two major classes of ganglion cells

A

Parvocellular (80%)

Magnocellular (10%)

48
Q

P cells have ____ dendrites than M cells

A

Smaller but more densely packed

49
Q

P cells have ____ receptive fields than M cells

A

Smaller

50
Q

P cells are known as

A

Sustain cells

51
Q

M cells are known as

A

Transient cells

Brain and Behaviour (11 decks)

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