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Brain and Behaviour > Medical Aspects of Vision > Flashcards

Medical Aspects of Vision Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Methods of studying vision

A

Psychophysical methods and illusions
Lesions and other ways to silence neurons or parts of the brain
Anatomical studies and morphology (to study connections between neurons)
fMRI, electrophysiological recordings and imaging
Modeling and theoretical stimulations

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2
Q

Which model organisms are used?

A 
Humans 
Primates 
Lower mammals (cats, rodents) 
Lower vertebrates (zebrafish)
Invertebrates (Drosophila)
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3
Q

How do you do lesions?

A

Directly lesion the brain (animal models)

After strokes and other neurodegenerative diseases (case studies)

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4
Q

Lesion example

A

Patient LM
Couldn’t perceive motion after she had a stroke
Could still recognise objects and perceive colours
Medial temporal cortex is important for processing motion (lesion was in MTC)

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5
Q

Disadvantage of animal models

A

Cannot get feedback from an animal like you can from a human

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6
Q

What is Patch Clamping?

A

Electrode goes close to cell but doesn’t penetrate the membrane
Applies gentle suction
Part of the electrode goes inside the membrane, tight connection between membrane and connection

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7
Q

What are the types of Patch Clamping?

A

On-cell patch

Whole cell patch

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8
Q

What does GCaMP3 do?

A

Reports changes in neuronal calcium concentration, and therefore, neuronal activity

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9
Q

Benefits of GCaMP3?

A

Recording the activity of many neurons
Can record simultaneously the input and the output of a particular neuron (circuit reconstruction)
One can easily target particular neuronal types (eg, Glu-ergic and GABA-ergic)

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10
Q

How can you stimulate neurons using light?

A

Channelrhodopsin

Halorhodopsin

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11
Q

What is channelrhodopsin?

A

Light stimulated channel

Stimulated by blue light

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12
Q

What is halorhodopsin?

A

Light stimulated channel
Activated by yellow light
Chloride channel - when opens, cell hyperpolarises

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13
Q

What is retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Leading cause of blindness

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14
Q

What happens in retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Retinal degeneration

Photoreceptors are gone

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15
Q

Which part of the brain would you stimulate in retinitis pigmentosa?

A 
Retina 
Visual cortex (if the optic nerve didn't develop or is destroyed)
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16
Q

How to activate neurons in retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Electrical stimulation

Channelrhodopsin or halorhodopsin

Brain and Behaviour (11 decks)

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