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neuroscience ii > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

Review visual system and pathways

1
Q

The temporal half of the visual field projects to the…

A

nasal half of the retina

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2
Q

The nasal half of the visual field projects to the…

A

temporal half of the retina

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3
Q

The upper half of the visual field projects to the…

A

lower half of the retina

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4
Q

The lower half of the visual field projects to the…

A

upper half of the retina

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5
Q

The optic tracts are going to synapse in the…

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (body)

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6
Q

Fibers from the lateral geniculate nuclei are going to form the…

A

optic radiation

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7
Q

Optic radiation fibers that correspond to the upper half of the visual field are going to form the…

A

loop of Meyer (temporal lobe optic radiation)

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8
Q

Optic radiation fibers that correspond to the lower half of the visual field form the…

A

parietal lobe optic radiation

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9
Q

The optic radiation fibers from the loop of Meyer terminate in the…

A

lingual gyrus (upper part of visual field)

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10
Q

The optic radiation fibers from the parietal lobe terminate in the…

A

cuneus (lower part of visual field)

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11
Q

In the optic chiasm, which fibers cross?

A

Fibers from the temporal half of the visual field, thus from the nasal half of the retina

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12
Q

A lesion of the right optic nerve will cause…

A

right anopsia

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13
Q

A pituitary tumor affecting the optic chiasm will cause…

A

bitemporal anopsia

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14
Q

An internal carotid aneurism affecting the optic chiasm will cause…

A

ipsilateral nasal anopsia

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15
Q

What lesion causes left homonymous hemianopsia?

A

Right optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiation, or visual cortex

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16
Q

What lesion causes left homonymous upper quadrant anopsia?

A

Right loop of Meyer or lingual gyrus

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17
Q

A lesion of the left cuneus without the occipital pole will cause…

A

right homonymous lower quadrant anopsia sparing macula

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18
Q

A lesion of the left lingual gyrus without the occipital pole will cause…

A

Right homonymous upper quadrant anopsia sparing macula

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19
Q

What lesion causes right homonymous hemianopsia sparing macula?

A

Left visual cortex (without occipital pole)

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20
Q

What lesion causes right homonymous lower quadrant anopsia?

A

Left parietal lobe optic radiation or cuneus

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21
Q

Fibers corresponding to the upper temporal visual field will end in the…

A

contralateral lingual gyrus

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22
Q

Fibers corresponding to the lower temporal visual field will end in the…

A

contralateral cuneus

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23
Q

Fibers corresponding to the upper nasal visual field will end in the…

A

ipsilateral lingual gyrus

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24
Q

Fibers corresponding to the lower nasal visual field will end in the…

A

ipsilateral cuneus

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25
Q

What is the light reflex?

A

Light in one eye should cause both to constrict

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26
Q

The light reflex starts in the ___ and ends in the ___

A

retina
sphincter pupillae muscles

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27
Q

From the superior brachium, light reflex fibers of CN II optic enter the superior colliculus, then synapse with…

A

pretectal nuclei bilaterally

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28
Q

From the bilateral pretectal nuclei, the light reflex fibers will synapse with…

A

Edinger-Westphal nuclei

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29
Q

The fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus make up the…

A

CN III oculomotor

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30
Q

CN III oculomotor synapses with the…

A

ciliary ganglion

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31
Q

The ciliary ganglion is the nucleus for what nerve?

A

Short ciliary nerve

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32
Q

In the light reflex, where does the short ciliary nerve project to and what will it cause?

A

Projects to the sphincter pupillae and causes constriction of (both) pupils

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33
Q

A lesion of the right CN II optic will cause what effect on the light reflex?

A

Lack of right direct light reflex and left indirect light reflex

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34
Q

A lesion of the right CN III oculomotor will cause what effect on the light reflex?

A

Lack of right direct and indirect light reflex

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35
Q

What is the accommodation reflex?

A

Convergence, thickening of lens, and pupillary constriction

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36
Q

The accommodation reflex begins in the ___ and ends in the ___

A

retina
sphincter pupillae (constriction) and ciliaris muscles (lens)

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37
Q

In the accommodation reflex, what is the pathway from the retina to the visual cortex?

A

Retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> lateral geniculate body -> optic radiation -> cuneus and lingual gyrus

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38
Q

After the accommodation reflex fibers reach the visual cortex, what is their pathway to the sphincter pupillae and ciliaris muscles?

A

visual cortex -> frontal eye field (Area 8) -> corticobulbar tract -> pretectal nuclei (bilaterally) -> Edinger-Westphal nuclei -> CN III oculomotor -> ciliary ganglion -> short ciliary nerves -> sphincter pupillae and ciliaris muscles

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39
Q

Lesion of the accommodation reflex tract will cause…

A

cycloplegia

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40
Q

What is Argyle Robertson pupil?

A

Mydriasis without cycloplegia

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41
Q

What are saccadic movements?

A

High velocity eye movements that orient the eyes toward the stimulus

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42
Q

The superior colliculus and the frontal eye field coordinate visual, somatic, and auditory information to…

A

adjust movements of the head to the stimulus

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43
Q

The superior colliculus receives information about motion from the ___ and is concerned with ___

A

receives information about motion from the visual field and is concerned with visual attentiveness and identification of broad outlines of objects

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44
Q

The frontal eye field receives information from the ___ and is concerned with ___

A

receives information from the primary visual cortex and is concerned with fine visual discrimination and saccadic movements to complex visual stimuli

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45
Q

What is the sclera?

A

White tough wall of eye

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46
Q

What is the conjuctiva?

A

A thin lining over the sclera and the inside of the eyelids

47
Q

What is the cornea?

A

A clear continuation of the sclera over the iris and pupil

48
Q

What is the iris?

A

It is composed of muscles which constrict or dilate the pupil

49
Q

What is the macula? What is its function?

A

The part of the retina which is most sensitive and has the least number of vessels
It is responsible for central vision

50
Q

What is the fovea? How is the image received here?

A

A 2mm pit in the macula where all the retinal layers are shifted away so that the image is received by the photoreceptors with the least amount of distortion

51
Q

What is the pupil?

A

Essentially, a hole in the iris. Its size is controlled by the iris muscles.

52
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

The blind spot. It contains no photoreceptors. Passageway of the optic nerve and vessels.

53
Q

anatomy of the retina

There are ___ sets of neurons and ___ sets of interneurons in the retina.

A

3 sets of neurons and 2 sets of interneurons in the retina

54
Q

anatomy of the retina

The superficial layer of the retina is made of what type of cells?

A

Ganglion cells

55
Q

anatomy of the retina

The intermediate layer of the retina is made of what type of cells?

A

Bipolar cells

56
Q

anatomy of the retina

The deepest layer of the retina is made of what type of cells?

A

Photoreceptors

57
Q

anatomy of the retina

The axons of the ganglion cells make up the…

A

optic nerve

58
Q

anatomy of the retina

Which cell axons make up the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion cell axons

59
Q

anatomy of the retina

Which cells allow for communication between photoreceptors and bipolar cells?

A

Horizontal cells

60
Q

anatomy of the retina

Which cells allow for communication between bipolar cells and ganglion cells?

A

Amacrine cells

61
Q

anatomy of the retina

What is the purpose of horizontal and amacrine cells?

A

Convergence and lateral inhibition

62
Q

Which type of photoreceptor is more sensitive to light?

A

Rods

63
Q

Which type of photoreceptor has greater photopigment?

A

Rods

64
Q

Which type of photoreceptor saturates in day light?

A

Rods

65
Q

Which type of photoreceptor saturates in intense light?

A

Cones

66
Q

Which type of photoreceptor has less photopigment?

A

Cones

67
Q

Which type of photoreceptor has greater acuity?

A

Cones

68
Q

Which type of photoreceptor is concentrated in the fovea?

A

Cones

69
Q

Which type of photoreceptor is not present in the fovea/central retina?

A

Rods

70
Q

Where are cones concentrated in the eye?

A

Fovea of the retina

71
Q

How many types of photopigment do rods have?

A

1

72
Q

How many types of photopigment do cones have?

A

3: blue, red, green

73
Q

Does the peripheral retina have more rods or cones?

A

Rods

74
Q

Where in the retina is there more photoreceptors/ganglion cells?

A

Peripheral retina

75
Q

Where in the retina is there most sensitivity to light?

A

Peripheral retina

76
Q

Phototransduction put simply is…

A

light waves to photoreceptor potential

77
Q

phototransduciton

Light causes photoreceptors to…

A

hyperpolarize

78
Q

phototransduction

In the dark, the membrane potential in the retina is ___

A

-40mV (depolarized)

79
Q

phototransduction

The photoreceptors continuously produce ___ using the enzyme ___ to keep the sodium channels open.

A

…continuously produce cyclic GMP using the enzyme guanylate cyclase to keep the sodium channels open

80
Q

phototransduction

Once light goes through all retinal layers, it is absorbed by the…

A

pigment epithelium

81
Q

phototransduction

The photopigment in rods is called…

A

rhodopsin

82
Q

phototransduction

Cones have ___ opsins.

A

3

83
Q

phototransduction

Which theory states that the combination of relative excitation and inhibition of the opsins in the cones accounts for color vision?

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromacy theory

84
Q

How does Vitamin A deficiency affect vision?

A

Causes night blindness

85
Q

phototransduction

When PDE breaks down cGMP, the sodium channels close so the photoreceptor membrane…

A

hyperpolarizes to about -70mV

86
Q

phototransduction

What happens when the photoreceptor membrane hyperpolarizes?

A

The amount of released neurotransmitter glutamate decreases

87
Q

When we go from a lit room to a dark room, the photoreceptors’ sensitivity to light…

A

increases 1,000,000x

88
Q

dark adaptation

For unbleached rhodopsin to regenerate in the rods, ___ is required.

A

calcium

89
Q

The area of the retina that when stimulated by light changes the cell’s membrane potential is called…

A

the receptive field

90
Q

bipolar cells

How will center photoreceptors synapse with the bipolar cell?

A

Directly

91
Q

bipolar cells

How will surround photoreceptors synapse with the bipolar cell?

A

They synapse on horizontal cells which in turn synapse with the bipolar cell

92
Q

bipolar cells

Receptive fields centers and surrounds are…

A

antagonistic (ON center/OFF surround; OFF center/ON surround)

93
Q

bipolar cells

An ON bipolar cell depolarizes when light is…

A

on

94
Q

bipolar cells

An OFF bipolar cell depolarizes when light is..

A

off

95
Q

bipolar cells

When less glutamate is released by the photoreceptors, how are (ON) bipolar cells depolarized?

A

G-protein coupled glutamate receptors on bipolar cells cause depolarization

96
Q

bipolar cells

When more glutamate is released by the photoreceptors, how are (OFF) bipolar cells depolarized?

A

Glutamate gated direct ion channels cause depolarization

97
Q

Photoreceptors always ___ with light.

A

hyperpolarize

98
Q

Ganglion cells have ___ receptive fields.

A

antagonistic

99
Q

Ganglion cells in our retinas are mainly responsive to…

A

differences in illumination within receptive fields

100
Q

Describe the response to stimulation of ganglion cells

A

They react with action potentials. Response to stimulation of the center may be cancelled by the response of the surround and vice versa.

101
Q

What are the two types of ganglion cells in the retina?

A

M (agnocellular), P (arvocellular)

102
Q

Describe M ganglion cells’ receptive fields and function

A

Large receptive fields, respond to object motion and low contrast stimuli, therefore aid in low resolution vision

103
Q

Describe P ganglion cells’ receptive fields and function

A

Small receptive fields, color opponent cells (sensitive to wavelength), red-green, blue-yellow. Responsible for color vision, therefore discrimination of fine detail.

104
Q

Lateral geniculate nuclei have ___ layers numbered from ___

A

six layers numbered from posterior to anterior

105
Q

What will the M and P ganglion cells synapse with?

A

M and P type cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus

106
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus will receive fibers from which portions of the retina?

A

Contralateral and ipsilateral (in different layers)

107
Q

How many layers are there in the primary visual cortex?

A

6

108
Q

The primary visual cortex will receive information from…

A

Lateral geniculate body (P type and M type information), superior colliculus and pulvinar, bulk of optic radiation and claustrum

109
Q

Lateral geniculate body fibers from the ipsilateral retina are going to end up in…

A

the primary visual cortex next to lateral geniculate body fibers from the contralateral retina

110
Q

Area 17 (primary visual cortex) is closest to which fissure?

A

Calcarine fissure

111
Q

The primary visual cortex receives M type cells and that channel is streamed through __ to the ___ cortex for analysis of motion.

A

M type cells stream through V2 to the parietal cortex for analysis of motion

112
Q

The primary visual cortex receives information about shape that ends in ___, and information about color that ends in ___.

A

information about shape that ends in interblobs, and information about color that ends in blobs

113
Q

Interblobs and blobs are streamed through ___ to the ___ cortex for shape and color perception and visual memory.

A

streamed through V2 to the temporal cortex for shape and color perception and visual memory

neuroscience ii (9 decks)

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