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Neuroscience II > Neuroembryology > Flashcards

Neuroembryology Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs during the first week of gestation?

A
  1. Fertilization of the egg by the sperm
  2. Cleavage
  3. Implantation
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2
Q

Define zygote

A

Fertilized oocyte (diploid cell)

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3
Q

Define morula

A

Early cleavage of zygote, solid mass of 16-32 cells

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4
Q

Define blastocyst

A

Undifferentiated stage of embryo

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5
Q

What occurs during the second week of gestation?

A

The blastocyst organizes into a bilaminar embryonic germ disk

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6
Q

What does the bilaminar embryonic germ disk consist of?

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

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7
Q

What comes of the trophoblast?

A

Placenta

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8
Q

What is gastrulation and when does it occur?

A

The formation of three germ layers which occurs during the third week of development

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9
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

First week of development

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10
Q

When is organogensis and what is its result?

A

During the embryonic period, weeks 3-8. At the end of week 8, major body features are recognizable.

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11
Q

Where is the amniotic cavity?

A

Space within epiblast

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12
Q

Where is the primitive yolk sac?

A

Space within hypoblast

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13
Q

gastrulation

Primitive streak forms from…

A

Epiblast cells

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14
Q

gastrulation

The left and right halves of the body are differentiated by…

A

primitive streak formation

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15
Q

gastrulation

What happens to the primitive streak?

A

Primitive streak proliferates and differentiates into many types of cells.
It degenerates after week 4.

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16
Q

gastrulation

How is the endoderm formed?

A

Proliferation of epiblast cells displace hypoblast cells to form endoderm.

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17
Q

gastrulation

What forms the mesoderm?

A

Proliferation of epiblast cells in between form the mesoderm.

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18
Q

What are the three germ layers formed during gastrulation?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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19
Q

gastrulation

What do remaining epiblast cells become?

A

Ectoderm

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20
Q

gastrulation

Persistence of primitive streak leads to what?

A

Formation of a sacrococcygeal teratoma, the most common tumor in newborn infants.

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21
Q

Mesoderm cells migrate through the primitive streak and condense in the midline to form…

A

the notochord

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22
Q

What does notochord formation trigger?

A

Formation of the neural plate from the ectoderm

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23
Q

Define neurulation

A

Formation of the neural plate from the ectoderm (day 19-20)

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24
Q

Around days 21-27, neural plate folds along neural groove form…

A

neural tube

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25
Q

What is the neural crest?

A

The lateral lip of the neural tube

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26
Q

What is craniorachischisis totalis?

A

Failure of entire neural folds to differentiate and to close

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27
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Failure of neural arches to fuse

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28
Q

Describe Spina Bifida Occulta

A

No vertebral arch but no underlying neurological involvement
10% of typical people

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29
Q

Describe Spina Bifida Cystica

A

Meninges protude through the vertebral arch forming a meningocele
Spinal cord and/or nerve roots protude in the sac forming meningiomyelocele
Affects 1 in 1000 births

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30
Q

What happens to the neural crest?

A

After forming the neural tube, neural crest migrates dorsally, ventrally, or cranially
Gives rise to a variety of tissues

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31
Q

What are neurocristopathies?

A

Malformations due to defective neural crest cell development and migration

32
Q

What are some examples of neurocristopathies?

A

Treacher Collins Syndrome
DiGeorge Syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome

33
Q

Neural tube is made up of neuroepithelial cells that form layers:

A

Ventricular layer
Mantle layer
Marginal layer

34
Q

neural tube

The ventricular layer gives rise to…

A

neuroblasts that migrate in the mantle layer

35
Q

neural tube

Mantle layer contains…

A

neuronal cell bodies (grey matter) of the CNS

36
Q

neural tube

Marginal layer consists of…

A

nerve fibers (white matter) of the CNS

37
Q

The first part of the developing nervous system to be recognized in the embryo is the…

A

neural plate

38
Q

Where do glioblasts come from?

A

Neuroepithelial cells

39
Q

What do glioblasts form?

A

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

40
Q

After glioblast formation, what do neuroepithelial cells form?

A

Ependymal cells

41
Q

Ependymal cells and vascular mesenchyme form…

A

the choroid plexus in each ventricle

42
Q

What is the difference between neural tube and neural crest?

A

Neural tube refers to CNS, neural crest to PNS and more

43
Q

By the end of the fourth week, the mantle layer has developed into…

A

an alar plate and a basal plate

44
Q

spinal cord development

What will the alar plate become?

A

The dorsal horn (sensory)

45
Q

spinal cord development

What will the basal plate become?

A

The ventral horn (motor)

46
Q

spinal cord development

Where will an intermediate column develop to become part of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

T1-L2

47
Q

spinal cord development

Where will an intermediate column develop to become part of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

S2-S4

48
Q

PNS development

The dorsal root ganglia forms from…

A

neural crest cells

49
Q

Somites are formed from what tissue?

A

Mesoderm (paraxial)

50
Q

What do somites form?

A

Axial skeleton

51
Q

When do somites differentiate? Into what three parts?

A

At the beginning of the fourth week, somites differentiate into:
Sclerotome
Myotome
Dermatome

52
Q

somites

Sclerotome function

A

Tendon, cartilage, bone components

53
Q

somites

Myotome function

A

Muscle component, epaxial and hypaxial divisions

54
Q

Sensory and motor innervation is based on…

A

segmental organization of somites

55
Q

brain development

At day 24, the brain is divided into three regions:

A
  1. Proencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
56
Q

brain development

At the fifth week, the proencephalon divides into:

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

57
Q

brain development

At the fifth week, the rhombencephalon divides into:

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

58
Q

brain development

Myelencephalon will become the…

A

medulla oblongata

59
Q

brain development

Metencephalon will become the…

A

pons and cerebellum

60
Q

brain development

Mesencephalon will become the…

A

midbrain

61
Q

brain development

Diencephalon will become the..

A

thalamus and epithalamus dorsally
hypothalamus, infundibulum, and posterior pituitary ventrally

62
Q

brain development

What develops from Rathke’s pouch?

A

Anterior pituitary

62
Q

brain development

Telencephalon develops into the…

A

two cerebral hemispheres and the commissures that connect the two

63
Q

What are flexures?
What are examples?

A

The cranial neural tube flexes to form the shape of the adult brain.
Examples include the mesencephalic, cervical, and pontine flexure.

64
Q

Name the primitive ventricles

A

Rhombencephalon cavity
Mesencephalon cavity
Diencephalon cavity
Telencephalon cavity

65
Q

The rhombencephalon cavity becomes the…

A

fourth ventricle

66
Q

The mesencephalon cavity becomes the…

A

cerebral aqueduct

67
Q

The diencephalon cavity becomes the…

A

third ventricle

68
Q

The telencephalon cavity becomes the…

A

lateral ventricle

69
Q

Hydrocephalus is a result of what?

A

A blockage of CSF

70
Q

When does myelination begin?
When is it complete?

A

Begins at fourth month of development
Is not complete until first year of postnatal life

71
Q

What creates the cauda equina and filum terminale?

A

The vertebral column and dura mater lengthen faster than the spinal cord

72
Q

What is the thecal sac?

A

Dura and arachnoid around the cauda equina; extends to S2

73
Q

Cerebellum develops as a dorsal extension of what part of the brain?

A

Pons

74
Q

From fetal life to childhood to adulthood, how does the brain change?

A

More connections (axons), more gyri and sulci

Neuroscience II (9 decks)

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