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visual system Flashcards

1
Q

orbit

A

bony protection of eye

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2
Q

floor of orbit

A

maxillary bone, palatine bone and oribital plane of zygomatic bone

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3
Q

lateral wall

A

zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid

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4
Q

medial wall

A

frontal process of maxillary bone, nasal bone, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, lacrimal fossa, lesser wing of sphenoid bone

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5
Q

eyelashes

A

hairs on margins of the eyelids. prevent large foreign objects from contacting the eye
highly innervated. Trigger reflex to close eye

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6
Q

eyelids (palperbrae)

A

meet at medial and lateral angles (canthi)

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7
Q

palpebral fissure

A

opening between eyelids

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8
Q

tarsal plates

A

give eyelids shape, connective tissue

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9
Q

tarsal glands

A

modified sebateous glands

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10
Q

tarsal glands function

A

1)secrete oily substance. lubricate surface of eye
2)helps to prevent tears from coming out of eye
3)prevent eyelid from sticking together

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11
Q

periorbital hematoma

A

stretchy layers fluid fills in

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12
Q

conjunctiva

A

transparent mucous membrane made of stratisfied squamous epithelium

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13
Q

palpebral

A

lines inner eyelid

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14
Q

bulbar

A

lines the surface of the eye (sclera)
contains goblet cells-> secrete mucus

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15
Q

trachoma

A

chronic congunctivitous. becomes scaley harming surface of eye
because its so inflammed eye lashes fold over, can cause blindness

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16
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

produces, collects drain lacrimal fluid (tears) from the eye
lubricates anterior surface of eye
helps prevent bacterial infections-> antibiotic- like enzyme called lysozyme

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17
Q

lysozyme

A

antibiotic like enzyme in lacrimal apparatus that is first step immune response

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18
Q

lacrimal fluid is produced in

A

lacrimal gland (superior aspect of eye)

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19
Q

lacrimal fluid

A

dispersed across eye surface as we blink
innervated by cranial nerve 7

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20
Q

lacrimal fluids drains into

A

lacrimal canaliculi in the lacrimal puncta

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21
Q

lacrimal fluids collects in

A

lacrimal sac

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22
Q

lacrimal fluid then drains through

A

nasolacrimal duct and enters the nasal cavity

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23
Q

rectus muscles originate

A

from a common tendinous ring in posterior orbit

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24
Q

rectus muscle insert

A

onto the outer surface of eye

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25
lateral rectus
abducts eye
26
lateral rectus in inverted by
cranial nerve 6 (CN VI)
27
medial rectus
adduct eye
28
inferior rectus
depress eye
29
superior rectus
elevate eye
30
superior oblique
depresses and abducts
31
superior oblique is innervated by
trochlear nerve (CN IV)
32
medial, inferior and superior rectus are innervated by
CN III (oculomotor nerve)
33
trochlea
pulley system saddle like cartilaginous structure in superior medial region of orbit contains tendon of the superior oblique muscle
34
three principle layers form the wall of the eye
fibrous tunic vascular tunic retina
35
pupil dilate
dim light perceived-> sympathetic central neuron stimulated in cervical vertebra-> central neuron synapses with superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic chain-> sympathetic postsynaptic neuron releases norepineprhine stimulating muscles to contract
36
pupil constrict
bright light perceived-> parasymapthetic central neuron stimulated by eddinger-westphal nucleus-> central neuron synapses with ciliary ganglion-> parasympathetic postsynaptic neuron releases norephinephrine-> relaxing iris muscle
37
parasympatheitc innervation from oculomotor nerve
causes synapse in ciliary ganglion
38
ciliary body
change lens shape to focus on things tension on suspensory ligaments caused by the ciliary muscles of the ciliary body
39
lens
transparent, deformable, biconvex disc bends light rays that enter the eye
40
lens sympathetic input
relax ciliary muscle, tighten suspensory ligaments, flatten lens (looking at something far away)
41
lens parasymapthetic input
contract ciliary muscle, loosen suspensory ligaments, lens returns to more rounded shape
42
anterior cavity of eye
anterior chamber and posterior chamber (both contain aqueous humor)
43
anterior chamber
between cornea and pupil
44
posterior chamber
between the iris and the lens
45
posterior cavity of eye
virtuous chamber: contains virteous body
46
glaucoma
aqeuous humor is not being drained from anterior cavity. Fluid buildup causes too much pressure
47
retina
rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells bipolar cells synapse with retina cells retinal ganglia cells purge together at optic disc (blind spot) and optic nerve
48
greatest number of cones
maculla
49
fovea centralis
in the middle of maculla
50
ophthalmic artery
supplies inner 2/3 of retina with oxygen and nutrients true end artery (if damaged cells will die): no ciruclation
51
choroid supplies
outer 1/3
52
cornea
avascular but lots of nerve endings nutrients by diffusion
53
eyes water when you have a cold because
lacrimal duct gets blocked, prevents tears, backs fluid up in eyes and build up
54
visual pathways
nasal fibers cross at optic chiasm most (90%) of optic tract fibers travel to lateral geniculate nucleus (synapse occurs here) of the thalamus From the LGN axons travel through optic radiations to the primary visual cortex in occipital lobe
55
optic tract
still composed of retinal ganglion cells (no synapse yet)
56
occipital lobe (primary visual cortex)
receives and processes incoming visual information
57
posterior calcarine cortex (occipital lobe)
high resolution
58
anterior calcarine cortex (occipital lobe)
peripheral vision-> lower visual field-> upper retina->lower calcarine cortex
59
right visual cortex (occipital lobe)
right half of each retina, LEFT visual field
60
left visual cortex (occipital lobe)
left half of each retina, RIGHT visual field
61
visual association areas (BA 18) (occipital lobe)
continue processing visual information
62
edinger-Westphal nucleus
midbrain pupillary reflex and lens control
63
superior colliculus
midbrain orienting movements of head and and eyes and reflexievly directing the eyes to the area of interest (visual relfexes)
64
suprachiasmatic nucleus
hypothalamus light/ dark info for the circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle)-> communicates with pineal gland secretes melatonin light activates this nucleus with supresses the melatonin
65
optic chiasm lesion
tunnel vision loose periphery vision
66
visual association areas
V2,V3- parts of temporal and parietal lobe
67
dorsal visual stream
"where is it"
68
ventral visual stream
what is it
69
V4
impaired color discrimination cerebral achromatopsia: no color sight, whole spectrum (entire world in black and white)
70
V5
cerebral akinesia: impaired motor detection (everything like a strobe light)
71
fusiform face area
prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces very posterior temporal lobe adjacent to the occipital lobe
72
inferotemporal complex
inability to attach emotion to visual stimuli
73
parietal regions
visuospatial neglect

Anatomy (7 decks)

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