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Anatomy > visual system > Flashcards

visual system Flashcards

1
Q

orbit

A

bony protection of eye

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2
Q

floor of orbit

A

maxillary bone, palatine bone and oribital plane of zygomatic bone

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3
Q

lateral wall

A

zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid

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4
Q

medial wall

A

frontal process of maxillary bone, nasal bone, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, lacrimal fossa, lesser wing of sphenoid bone

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5
Q

eyelashes

A

hairs on margins of the eyelids. prevent large foreign objects from contacting the eye
highly innervated. Trigger reflex to close eye

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6
Q

eyelids (palperbrae)

A

meet at medial and lateral angles (canthi)

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7
Q

palpebral fissure

A

opening between eyelids

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8
Q

tarsal plates

A

give eyelids shape, connective tissue

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9
Q

tarsal glands

A

modified sebateous glands

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10
Q

tarsal glands function

A

1)secrete oily substance. lubricate surface of eye
2)helps to prevent tears from coming out of eye
3)prevent eyelid from sticking together

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11
Q

periorbital hematoma

A

stretchy layers fluid fills in

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12
Q

conjunctiva

A

transparent mucous membrane made of stratisfied squamous epithelium

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13
Q

palpebral

A

lines inner eyelid

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14
Q

bulbar

A

lines the surface of the eye (sclera)
contains goblet cells-> secrete mucus

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15
Q

trachoma

A

chronic congunctivitous. becomes scaley harming surface of eye
because its so inflammed eye lashes fold over, can cause blindness

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16
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

produces, collects drain lacrimal fluid (tears) from the eye
lubricates anterior surface of eye
helps prevent bacterial infections-> antibiotic- like enzyme called lysozyme

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17
Q

lysozyme

A

antibiotic like enzyme in lacrimal apparatus that is first step immune response

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18
Q

lacrimal fluid is produced in

A

lacrimal gland (superior aspect of eye)

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19
Q

lacrimal fluid

A

dispersed across eye surface as we blink
innervated by cranial nerve 7

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20
Q

lacrimal fluids drains into

A

lacrimal canaliculi in the lacrimal puncta

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21
Q

lacrimal fluids collects in

A

lacrimal sac

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22
Q

lacrimal fluid then drains through

A

nasolacrimal duct and enters the nasal cavity

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23
Q

rectus muscles originate

A

from a common tendinous ring in posterior orbit

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24
Q

rectus muscle insert

A

onto the outer surface of eye

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25
Q

lateral rectus

A

abducts eye

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26
Q

lateral rectus in inverted by

A

cranial nerve 6 (CN VI)

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27
Q

medial rectus

A

adduct eye

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28
Q

inferior rectus

A

depress eye

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29
Q

superior rectus

A

elevate eye

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30
Q

superior oblique

A

depresses and abducts

31
Q

superior oblique is innervated by

A

trochlear nerve (CN IV)

32
Q

medial, inferior and superior rectus are innervated by

A

CN III (oculomotor nerve)

33
Q

trochlea

A

pulley system
saddle like cartilaginous structure in superior medial region of orbit contains tendon of the superior oblique muscle

34
Q

three principle layers form the wall of the eye

A

fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
retina

35
Q

pupil dilate

A

dim light perceived-> sympathetic central neuron stimulated in cervical vertebra-> central neuron synapses with superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic chain-> sympathetic postsynaptic neuron releases norepineprhine stimulating muscles to contract

36
Q

pupil constrict

A

bright light perceived-> parasymapthetic central neuron stimulated by eddinger-westphal nucleus-> central neuron synapses with ciliary ganglion-> parasympathetic postsynaptic neuron releases norephinephrine-> relaxing iris muscle

37
Q

parasympatheitc innervation from oculomotor nerve

A

causes synapse in ciliary ganglion

38
Q

ciliary body

A

change lens shape to focus on things
tension on suspensory ligaments caused by the ciliary muscles of the ciliary body

39
Q

lens

A

transparent, deformable, biconvex disc
bends light rays that enter the eye

40
Q

lens sympathetic input

A

relax ciliary muscle, tighten suspensory ligaments, flatten lens (looking at something far away)

41
Q

lens parasymapthetic input

A

contract ciliary muscle, loosen suspensory ligaments, lens returns to more rounded shape

42
Q

anterior cavity of eye

A

anterior chamber and posterior chamber (both contain aqueous humor)

43
Q

anterior chamber

A

between cornea and pupil

44
Q

posterior chamber

A

between the iris and the lens

45
Q

posterior cavity of eye

A

virtuous chamber: contains virteous body

46
Q

glaucoma

A

aqeuous humor is not being drained from anterior cavity. Fluid buildup causes too much pressure

47
Q

retina

A

rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells
bipolar cells synapse with retina cells
retinal ganglia cells purge together at optic disc (blind spot) and optic nerve

48
Q

greatest number of cones

A

maculla

49
Q

fovea centralis

A

in the middle of maculla

50
Q

ophthalmic artery

A

supplies inner 2/3 of retina with oxygen and nutrients
true end artery (if damaged cells will die): no ciruclation

51
Q

choroid supplies

A

outer 1/3

52
Q

cornea

A

avascular but lots of nerve endings
nutrients by diffusion

53
Q

eyes water when you have a cold because

A

lacrimal duct gets blocked, prevents tears, backs fluid up in eyes and build up

54
Q

visual pathways

A

nasal fibers cross at optic chiasm
most (90%) of optic tract fibers travel to lateral geniculate nucleus (synapse occurs here) of the thalamus
From the LGN axons travel through optic radiations to the primary visual cortex in occipital lobe

55
Q

optic tract

A

still composed of retinal ganglion cells (no synapse yet)

56
Q

occipital lobe (primary visual cortex)

A

receives and processes incoming visual information

57
Q

posterior calcarine cortex (occipital lobe)

A

high resolution

58
Q

anterior calcarine cortex (occipital lobe)

A

peripheral vision-> lower visual field-> upper retina->lower calcarine cortex

59
Q

right visual cortex (occipital lobe)

A

right half of each retina, LEFT visual field

60
Q

left visual cortex (occipital lobe)

A

left half of each retina, RIGHT visual field

61
Q

visual association areas (BA 18) (occipital lobe)

A

continue processing visual information

62
Q

edinger-Westphal nucleus

A

midbrain
pupillary reflex and lens control

63
Q

superior colliculus

A

midbrain
orienting movements of head and and eyes and reflexievly directing the eyes to the area of interest (visual relfexes)

64
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

hypothalamus
light/ dark info for the circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle)-> communicates with pineal gland secretes melatonin
light activates this nucleus with supresses the melatonin

65
Q

optic chiasm lesion

A

tunnel vision
loose periphery vision

66
Q

visual association areas

A

V2,V3- parts of temporal and parietal lobe

67
Q

dorsal visual stream

A

“where is it”

68
Q

ventral visual stream

A

what is it

69
Q

V4

A

impaired color discrimination
cerebral achromatopsia: no color sight, whole spectrum (entire world in black and white)

70
Q

V5

A

cerebral akinesia: impaired motor detection (everything like a strobe light)

71
Q

fusiform face area

A

prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces
very posterior temporal lobe adjacent to the occipital lobe

72
Q

inferotemporal complex

A

inability to attach emotion to visual stimuli

73
Q

parietal regions

A

visuospatial neglect

Anatomy (7 decks)

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