Visual Perception (4)

Question 1

__________ - determines how far away objects are by making a clicking sound

Answer 1

Echolocation - determines how far away objects are by making a clicking sound

Question 2

recall daniel kish from video in class

when did he become blind

Answer 2

Completely blind (retinoblastoma), has never seen anything in his life

Question 3

recall daniel kish from video in class

He used a different _______ to gather information for his _______ ______

Answer 3

He used a different stimulus to gather information for his visual perception

Question 4

Experiment: Blind Echolocation and FMRI

when did they lose their vision

Participant EB
Participant LB

Answer 4

Participant EB - lost their visions early on

Participant LB - at 14 years old

Question 5

Experiment: Blind Echolocation and FMRI

how did exprimentors reconcile the fact that P’s cannot echolocate in FMRI machine

Answer 5

recorded P’s echolocating, and then played it back to them

Question 6

Experiment: Blind Echolocation and FMRI

differentiate between participant EB and LB’s experiences

why were they different

Answer 6

Participant EB’s: almost the same as a sighted individual - activation in primary visual cortex

Participant LB - less activation in the primary visual cortex, still some in PVC

Why? Less neuroplasticity when they went blind

Question 7

Experiment: Blind Echolocation and FMRI

Suggests that the brain is ________ , but not in the same way for everyone

Answer 7

specialized

Question 8

explain “brain as a computer” metaphore

Answer 8

The brain is seen as the hardware, cognitive operations as the software

Describes the relationships between brain functions and structure

Question 9

explain “hydraulic metaphor”

Answer 9

Descartes model of the brain where neural functions are governed by tubes carrying “spirit” or bodily fluids

Question 10

the hydraulic metaphore lead to conceptual metaphors used today

give 3 examples

Answer 10

We think of information “flowing”, in the same way fluid does

The “stream of consciousness”

“waves of anxiety”
“deep thinking”
ideas that “come to the surface”

and memories that come “flooding back” when you encounter an old friend

Question 11

Visual perception can be divided into an early phase and a later phase

define them

Answer 11

Early Phase - shapes and objects are extracted from the visual scene

Later phase - the shapes and objects are recognized

Question 12

flow of information from the outside world to the internal mental world is known as???

Answer 12

sensation and perception

Question 13

S&P has to do with

_______ stimulus - anything outside your body

_______ stimulus - the activation on the sensors

Answer 13

Distal stimulus - anything outside your body

Proximal stimulus - the activation on the sensors

Question 14

distal and proxmial stimulus occurs via ______ _______

Answer 14

sense receptors

(eyes, skin, ears)

Question 15

define low level vision

Answer 15

Initial processing of basic visual features through bottom-up processing automatically

Question 16

define high level vision

Answer 16

The interpretation and recognition of complex visual features

through top-down processing

requires the complex parts of the brain like the prefrontal cortex

Question 17

General Steps of Visual processing:

______ _____ enters

_______ are detected

_______ sketch is created

_____ sketch created

______ sketch created

Objects are recognized

Answer 17

Light energy enters

Features are detected

Primal sketch is created

2.5D Sketch created

3D sketch created

Objects are recognized

Question 18

the primal sketch is the incorportation of ______ and ______

Answer 18

incorporation of edges and lines

Question 19

________ occurs at he lowest level of bottom up processing

Answer 19

decompostion

Question 20

define decompostion

Answer 20

breaking down complex visual information

Question 21

As the input moves through the visual system gets ________ every time

Answer 21

condensed

Question 22

Light enters the cornea, passes through eye and strikes _______ in the back of the eyes

Answer 22

retina

Question 23

the retina contained the ______ and the _____ _____

Answer 23

fovea and the optic nerve

Question 24

what is the function of the fovea

Answer 24

focuses things

focal point of retina when you look around

most sensitive, high quality part of the eye

Question 25

what is the function of the optic nerve

Answer 25

Holds all of the fibres that connect sensors to other sensors

connects back to your primary visual cortex

Question 26

_________ of _________ in retina contains receptors that react to light energy and charge it into electro-chemical energy

Answer 26

Network of Photoreceptors in retina

Question 27

Millions of ______ are located near the outer edges of the retina

Answer 27

rods

Question 28

differentiate between the purposes of rods and cones

Answer 28

rods detect dim light

cones deal with colour vision and acuity

Question 29

______ have less sensitivity more resolution

______ have high sensitivity, low resolution

Answer 29

cones - Less sensitive more resolution

rods high sensitivity, low resolution

Question 30

______ doesnt know wich of the 20 cells gave it information

this creates low ______

Answer 30

rods

acuity

Question 31

______ - Connected to the next layer of bipolar cells at a ratio of 3:1

______ - Connected to the next layer, which are bipolar cells at the ratio 20:1

Answer 31

cones - Connected to the next layer of bipolar cells at a ratio of 3:1

rods - Connected to the next layer, which are bipolar cells at the ratio 20:1

Question 32

Different cones are sensitive to different colours (wavelengths): name them

short
medium
long

Answer 32

short (blue)

medium (green light)

long (red light)

Question 33

_____ are sensitive to light between blue and green

Answer 33

rods

Question 34

explain intake direction of your left and right visual feilds

Answer 34

Left visual field info enters into right hand side of your cortex, and the same with the other side

Question 35

______ _______ - visual field (the things you are perceiving)

_______ ______ - sensory information in the eye, from the distal stimulus

Answer 35

Distal stimulus - visual field (the things you are perceiving)

Proximal stimulus - sensory information in the eye, from the distal stimulus

Question 36

where are left and right visual feilds consolidated

Answer 36

consolidated in the left and right geniculate nucleus (RGN and LGN)

Question 37

At each step of the visual pathway, cells have receptive fields

what are receptive feilds and give an example

Answer 37

the pattern of light energy that the cell responds best to

On-centre and off-centre cells