Visual Perception (4) Flashcards

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1
Q

__________ - determines how far away objects are by making a clicking sound

A

Echolocation - determines how far away objects are by making a clicking sound

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2
Q

recall daniel kish from video in class

when did he become blind

A

Completely blind (retinoblastoma), has never seen anything in his life

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3
Q

recall daniel kish from video in class

He used a different _______ to gather information for his _______ ______

A

He used a different stimulus to gather information for his visual perception

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4
Q

Experiment: Blind Echolocation and FMRI

when did they lose their vision

Participant EB
Participant LB

A

Participant EB - lost their visions early on

Participant LB - at 14 years old

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5
Q

Experiment: Blind Echolocation and FMRI

how did exprimentors reconcile the fact that P’s cannot echolocate in FMRI machine

A

recorded P’s echolocating, and then played it back to them

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6
Q

Experiment: Blind Echolocation and FMRI

differentiate between participant EB and LB’s experiences

why were they different

A

Participant EB’s: almost the same as a sighted individual - activation in primary visual cortex

Participant LB - less activation in the primary visual cortex, still some in PVC

Why? Less neuroplasticity when they went blind

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7
Q

Experiment: Blind Echolocation and FMRI

Suggests that the brain is ________ , but not in the same way for everyone

A

specialized

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8
Q

explain “brain as a computer” metaphore

A

The brain is seen as the hardware, cognitive operations as the software

Describes the relationships between brain functions and structure

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9
Q

explain “hydraulic metaphor”

A

Descartes model of the brain where neural functions are governed by tubes carrying “spirit” or bodily fluids

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10
Q

the hydraulic metaphore lead to conceptual metaphors used today

give 3 examples

A

We think of information “flowing”, in the same way fluid does

The “stream of consciousness”

“waves of anxiety”
“deep thinking”
ideas that “come to the surface”

and memories that come “flooding back” when you encounter an old friend

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11
Q

Visual perception can be divided into an early phase and a later phase

define them

A

Early Phase - shapes and objects are extracted from the visual scene

Later phase - the shapes and objects are recognized

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12
Q

flow of information from the outside world to the internal mental world is known as???

A

sensation and perception

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13
Q

S&P has to do with

_______ stimulus - anything outside your body

_______ stimulus - the activation on the sensors

A

Distal stimulus - anything outside your body

Proximal stimulus - the activation on the sensors

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14
Q

distal and proxmial stimulus occurs via ______ _______

A

sense receptors

(eyes, skin, ears)

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15
Q

define low level vision

A

Initial processing of basic visual features through bottom-up processing automatically

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16
Q

define high level vision

A

The interpretation and recognition of complex visual features

through top-down processing

requires the complex parts of the brain like the prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

General Steps of Visual processing:

______ _____ enters

_______ are detected

_______ sketch is created

_____ sketch created

______ sketch created

Objects are recognized

A

Light energy enters

Features are detected

Primal sketch is created

2.5D Sketch created

3D sketch created

Objects are recognized

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18
Q

the primal sketch is the incorportation of ______ and ______

A

incorporation of edges and lines

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19
Q

________ occurs at he lowest level of bottom up processing

A

decompostion

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20
Q

define decompostion

A

breaking down complex visual information

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21
Q

As the input moves through the visual system gets ________ every time

A

condensed

22
Q

Light enters the cornea, passes through eye and strikes _______ in the back of the eyes

A

retina

23
Q

the retina contained the ______ and the _____ _____

A

fovea and the optic nerve

24
Q

what is the function of the fovea

A

focuses things

focal point of retina when you look around

most sensitive, high quality part of the eye

25
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve

A

Holds all of the fibres that connect sensors to other sensors

connects back to your primary visual cortex

26
Q

_________ of _________ in retina contains receptors that react to light energy and charge it into electro-chemical energy

A

Network of Photoreceptors in retina

27
Q

Millions of ______ are located near the outer edges of the retina

A

rods

28
Q

differentiate between the purposes of rods and cones

A

rods detect dim light

cones deal with colour vision and acuity

29
Q

______ have less sensitivity more resolution

______ have high sensitivity, low resolution

A

cones - Less sensitive more resolution

rods high sensitivity, low resolution

30
Q

______ doesnt know wich of the 20 cells gave it information

this creates low ______

A

rods

acuity

31
Q

______ - Connected to the next layer of bipolar cells at a ratio of 3:1

______ - Connected to the next layer, which are bipolar cells at the ratio 20:1

A

cones - Connected to the next layer of bipolar cells at a ratio of 3:1

rods - Connected to the next layer, which are bipolar cells at the ratio 20:1

32
Q

Different cones are sensitive to different colours (wavelengths): name them

short
medium
long

A

short (blue)

medium (green light)

long (red light)

33
Q

_____ are sensitive to light between blue and green

A

rods

34
Q

explain intake direction of your left and right visual feilds

A

Left visual field info enters into right hand side of your cortex, and the same with the other side

35
Q

______ _______ - visual field (the things you are perceiving)

_______ ______ - sensory information in the eye, from the distal stimulus

A

Distal stimulus - visual field (the things you are perceiving)

Proximal stimulus - sensory information in the eye, from the distal stimulus

36
Q

where are left and right visual feilds consolidated

A

consolidated in the left and right geniculate nucleus (RGN and LGN)

37
Q

At each step of the visual pathway, cells have receptive fields

what are receptive feilds and give an example

A

the pattern of light energy that the cell responds best to

On-centre and off-centre cells

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