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Cog Psych 2135 > Neurons and Networks (3) > Flashcards

Neurons and Networks (3) Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ ________ are cells that accumulate and transmit electrochemical activity in the nervous system

A

Communicative neurons

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2
Q

how is measuring cummunicative neruons useful

A

If we can measure electrical or chemical activity at this level, we can understand what’s going on in peoples heads

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3
Q

communicative neurons need ______ and ______ to survive

A

oxygen and glucose to survive

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4
Q

1000 bill neurons in the human brain are simultaneously active to _______ _______

A

process information

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5
Q

name the neural cell!

controls output of information

A

Purkinje cells

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6
Q

name the neural cell!

connects directly to a muscle which we use constantly to control movements

A

Motor neuron

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7
Q

name the neural cell!

densely packed networks in frontal cortex, with lots of inputs and outputs

Info in and out

A

Pyramidal cell

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8
Q

name the neural cell!

intakes information from outside world

A

sensory neurons

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9
Q

what neurons do which

muscle to brain -
brain to muscle -

A

muscle to brain - sensory
brain to muscle - motor

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10
Q

explain dendrite function

A

Receive info from terminal boutons of adjacent neurons

input side of neuron

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11
Q

explain dendrite appearance/parts

A

Branch-like processes extending from the cell soma

Contains cell body + nucleus

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12
Q

define axon

A

Long thin tube extending from soma

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13
Q

define myelin sheath and its purpose

A

outside insulating fatty layer around axon

helps conduct information

Provides the fixed paths by which neurons communicate with one another

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14
Q

Ball-like structures located at the ends of axon branches

name it

A

Terminal Bouton

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15
Q

Terminal Bouton contains _________

forms the ________ wiht other neurons

A

Contains neurotransmitters

Form the synapses with other neurons

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16
Q

define synapse

A

Near-contact gap separating the terminal bouton of one neuron and the dendrite (or soma) of the next neuron in the chain

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17
Q

_____________ _________ is what moves through the synapse

A

Electrochemical energy

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18
Q

what two things do we use to measure the metabolism of a cell

A

glucose and oxygen

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19
Q

explain how neurotransmitters cross from axon to dendrite

A

Vesicles!!!

vesicles filled with neurotransmitters cross from axon to dendrite through the synapse, meeting up with a receptor on the dendrite

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20
Q

how many neurptransmitters can a receptor on a dendrite pick up

A

TRICK QUESTION BITCH

Receptors only able to pick up their specific neurotransmitter

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21
Q

neurotransmitters are _____ that cross the synapse from the terminal bouton of one neuron to alter the ________ ______ of the membrane of the next neuron

A

neurotransmitters are chemicals that cross the synapse from the terminal bouton of one neuron to alter the electric potential of the membrane of the next neuron

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22
Q

what is the main function of a neurotransmitter

A

allow one neuron communicates with the other

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23
Q

a dysfunction in _______ neurons can lead to parkinsons

A

motor

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24
Q

All neural information processing takes place in terms of ______ and _________ effects

A

All neural information processing takes place in terms of excitatory and inhibitory effects

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25
Q

how does neural information processing takes place in terms of excitatory and inhibitory effects

A

Basically neurons send a yes (excitatory) or no (inhibatory) response to one another

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26
Q

define excitatory connection

define inhibatory effects

A

one neuron causes another neuron to fire

one neuron stops the other from firing

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27
Q

Individual neurons respond to specific _______ ________

A

stimuli features

28
Q

Human cognition is achieved through large neural activity patterns

what are these patterns known as

A

neural networks

29
Q

Biological Neuron vs Artificial network

A
30
Q

Biological Neuron vs Artificial network

A
31
Q

Biological Neuron vs Artificial network

A
32
Q

Functional neuroimaging is possible because neurons generate an _______ ______ when they fire

and because they need ______ that’s delivered by the circulatory system

A

Functional neuroimaging is possible because neurons generate an electrical impulse when they fire

and because they need oxygen that’s delivered by the circulatory system

33
Q

what is meant by “functional” in terms of
Functional Neuroimaging

A

looking at brain activity changes in response to cognitive tasks or mental processes

34
Q

name that imaging technique!!!

Takes pic of the structure of the brain using x-ray

Non functional

Often done in conjunction with a functional test

A

CAT scan - Computed Axial Tomography

35
Q

name that imaging technique!!!

P drinks something containing a radioactive isotope that decays - you then measure the radioactive decay in the brain

A

PET scan - Positron emission tomography

36
Q

name that imaging technique!!!

Uses lasers to measure cerebral blood flow at the surface of the cortex

A

FNRI - Functional near-infrared spectroscopy

37
Q

name that imaging technique!!!

Uses MRI tech to take picture of the brain by using the BOLD function

A

FMRI - Functional magnetic resonance imaging

38
Q

name that imaging technique!!!

uses changes in the magnetic field caused by electrical currents to localise activity in the brain

A

MEG - Magnetoencephalography

39
Q

name that imaging technique!!!

Measures cerebral blood flow as kind of a heat map that glows (cause of radiation) and shows where the person’s brain has more activity

A

PET scan - Positron emission tomography

40
Q

name that imaging technique!!!

uses electrodes to measure electrical activity (ERP)

A

Uses electrodes to measure electrical activity (ERP)

41
Q

name that imaging technique!!!

Uses near infrared light to measure oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separately and then make the same inferences as a fMRI

A

FNRI - Functional near-infrared spectroscopy

42
Q

Match key words to the imaging technique

picture
x-ray
non-functional

A

CAT scan

43
Q

Match key words to the imaging technique

radioactive decay
cereberal blood flow
heat map

A

PET scan

44
Q

Match key words to the imaging technique

BOLD function
cerebral blood flow
oxygenated haemoglobin levels
traction
Subtractive technique

A

FMRI

45
Q

Match key words to the imaging technique

lasers
near infrared light
cerebral blood flow
oxygenated haemoglobin

A

FNRI

46
Q

Match key words to the imaging technique

electrodes
ERP

A

EEG

47
Q

Match key words to the imaging technique

magnetic field
electrical currents

A

MEG

48
Q

the ____ _____ measures the difference in the magnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin

A

BOLD Function

49
Q

The BOLD Function:

The oxygenated haemoglobin has different ___________ properties than deoxygenated

A

The oxygenated haemoglobin has different electromagnetic properties than deoxygenated

50
Q

how does the bold function measure magnetic properties of a thinking brain

A

The area of the brain being used uses more oxygenated blood, then leaves deoxygenated haemoglobin

We measure the difference in the electromagnetic field

51
Q

FMRI:

Whole brain is always oxygenated but we only see the region of interest because this area has slightly _____ _______

A

more activation

52
Q

_____________ - using a control not subject to task and comparing their level of activation to others to make sure

A

traction

53
Q

_______ _______ - we subtract out any of the extra information

A

Subtractive technique

54
Q

name the advantage and disadvantage of an EEG

A

Advantage - you can measure it almost immediately as it happens

Disadvantage - dont have the same spatial resolution

55
Q

Experiment: FMRI and vegetative states

Dr.Owen discovered we can use fMRI to do what

A

connect with` people who are in a vegetative state (like a coma)

56
Q

Experiment: FMRI and vegetative states

define brain dead

A

brain is still alive but they are not processing information (don’t receive auditory, visual, sensory information, etc)

57
Q

Experiment: FMRI and vegetative states

Unable to tell if they are conscious, UNTIL MA BOI OWEN demonstrated ________ __________

A

Unable to tell if they are conscious, UNTIL MA BOI OWEN demonstrated willful consciousness

58
Q

Experiment: FMRI and vegetative states

explain how Dr.Owen communicated with patients in the FMRI

A

P’s asked to imagine themselves playing tennis (motor cortex activation) or navigating to their house (hippocampus)

Asked them yes or no questions associated with those thoughts

Used FMRI to see what part of their brain activated

59
Q

Experiment: Light patterns and FNRI

describe the tasks in this experiment

A

Participants had to learn a conjunctive rule/pattern in the light patterns and then record what the rule is

The other task was a rule that couldn’t be described with language

60
Q

Experiment: Light patterns and FNRI

why did they place patches over the prefrontal and parietal cortex

A

When people learn a rule there should be more contribution in one than the other

61
Q

Experiment: Light patterns and FNRI

results?

A

They found that when they made rule based responses there was more oxygenated haemoglobin in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (the front side of prefrontal cortex)

62
Q

Experiment: Light patterns and FNRI

what were the variables

A

IndepVar = type of rule P’s asked to learn (conjunctive or cant be explained through language)

DepVar = oxygenated haemoglobin levels in prefrontal and parietal cortex

63
Q

Experiment: Exceptions to the rule

explain what P’s did and what they tested

A

People learn a complex rule while classifying stimuli

Tested if there were neural differences when exceptions to the rule (randomly don’t follow the rule) were presented

64
Q

Experiment: Exceptions to the rule

define late positive complex

A

indication of relabelling the exceptions to try to resolve a conflicting stimuli

65
Q

Experiment: Exceptions to the rule

name the variables

A

Cog Psych 2135 (12 decks)

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