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Psychology > Visual Perception > Flashcards

Visual Perception Flashcards

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0
Q

Perception

A

The process of organising and interpreting sensory information in a meaningful way

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information that stimulates them

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2
Q

Visual perception system

A

The complete network of physiological structures involved in vision

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3
Q

Visual processing model

A
  • reception
  • transduction
  • transmission
  • organisation and interpretation
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4
Q

Reception

A

The process by which the eye receives incoming lights by focusing it onto the retina where an image of the visual stimulus is captured

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5
Q

Transduction

A

Photoreceptors convert electromagnetic energy to electrochemical energy (electrical impulses)

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6
Q

Transmission

A

Send electrical impulses along the optic nerve to the brain (visual cortex)

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7
Q

Organisation and interpretation

A

Organisation: arranging the features of a visual image in a meaningful way
Interpretation: assigning meaning to visual information

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8
Q

Cornea

A

A transparent, convex-shaped covering which protects the eye and helps focus light rays onto the retina

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9
Q

Pupil

A

An opening in the iris that helps control the amount of light entering the eye

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10
Q

Iris

A

The coloured part of the eye consisting of a ring of muscles that expand or contract to change the size of the pupil and control the amount of light entering the eye

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11
Q

Photoreceptor

A

A light-sensitive visual receptor cell in the retina at the back of the eye

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12
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors in the retina that respond to very low levels of light and are primarily responsible for night vision

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13
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptors in the retina that respond to high levels of light and are primarily responsible for vision in well-lit conditions, colour vision and detecting fine details

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14
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

Muscles attached to each end of the lens that changes it’s shape

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15
Q

Lens

A

A transparent, flexible eye structure located immediately behind the pupil which plays a major role in focusing light onto the retina

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16
Q

Retina

A

Layer of neural tissue at the back of the eye that receives and absorbs light, and processes images for transmission to the brain

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17
Q

Optic nerve

A

A connecting nerve that’s ends visual information from the eye to the visual cortex in the brain

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18
Q

Visual perception principle

A

A ‘rule’ that is applied to visual information to assist in organisation and interpretation of the information in a consistent and meaningful way

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19
Q

Gestalt principle of visual perception

A 
Organising the features of a visual scene to perceive a whole, complete form.
Includes:
- figure-ground
- closure
- similarity
- proximity
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20
Q

Figure-ground

A

Organising visual information by perceptually dividing a visual scene into a ‘figure’, which stands out from the ‘ground’, which is it’s surroundings

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21
Q

Closure

A

The perception all tendency to mentally ‘close’, fill in or ignore gaps in a visual image and to perceive objects as complete

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22
Q

Similarity

A

Involves the tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features, such as size, shape, texture or colour, as belonging together in a unit, group or ‘whole’

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23
Q

Proximity

A

The perceptual tendency to perceive parts of a visual image which are positioned close together as belonging together in a group

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24
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in 3 dimensions

25
Q

Depth cues

A

Sources of information from the environment or from within our body that help us to perceive how far away objects are and therefore perceive depth

26
Q

Types of depth cues

A
  • monocular

- binocular

27
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Require the use of both eyes working together in order to provide information to the brain about depth and distance

28
Q

Types of binocular depth cues

A
  • convergence

- retinal disparity

29
Q

Convergence

A

Involves the brain detecting and interpreting depth or distance from changes in tension in the eye muscle that occur when the two eyes turn inwards to focus on objects that are close

30
Q

Retinal disparity

A

The very slight difference in the location of the visual images on the retina (due to their slightly different angles of view) which enable us to make judgements about the depth or distance of an object

31
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Require the use of only one eye to provide information to the brain about depth and distance, but they also operate with both eyes

32
Q

Types of monocular depth cues

A
  • accommodation (primary monocular cues)

- pictorial cues (secondary monocular cues)

33
Q

Accommodation

A

Involves the automatic adjustment of the shape of the lens to focus an object in response to changes in how far away the object is

34
Q

Pictorial cues

A

Artists use them to create depth and distance on 2 dimensional surfaces

35
Q

Types of pictorial cues

A
  • linear perspective
  • interposition
  • texture gradient
  • height in the visual field
  • relative size
36
Q

Linear perspective

A

The apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance

37
Q

Interposition

A

Occurs when one object partially blocks or covers another, and the partially blocked object is perceived as further away than the object that obscures it

38
Q

Texture gradient

A

Gradual reduction of detail that occurs in surface as it recedes into the distance, compared with a surface that is close and perceived in fine detail

39
Q

Relative size

A

The tendency to visually perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closer, and the object that produces the smallest image on the retina as being further away

40
Q

Height in the visual field

A

The location of objects on our field of vision; the objects that are closer to the horizon are perceived as further away

41
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Refers to the tendency to perceive an object as remaining stable and un hanging despite any changes that may occur to e image cast on the retina

42
Q

Types of constancy

A
  • size
  • shape
  • brightness
43
Q

Size constancy

A

Involves recognising that an objects actual size remains the same, even though the size of the image it casts on the retina changes

44
Q

Shape constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object a maintaining its shape despite any change in shape of the image of the object on the retina

45
Q

Brightness constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its level of brightness in relation to its surroundings despite changes in the amount of light being reflected from the object to the retina

46
Q

Physiological factors

A

Involve the ways in which our eyes, nervous system and brain process visual information

47
Q

Psychological factors

A

Involve mental processes such as our past experiences, socio-cultural background, memory, thinking, language, motivation and emotions

48
Q

Perceptual set

A

The predisposition (or readiness) to perceive something in accordance with what we expect it to be

49
Q

Things that affect our perceptual set

A
  • context
  • motivation
  • emotional state
  • culture
  • past experience
50
Q

Context

A

The setting or environment in which a perception is made. When organising and interpreting information, we take account of the setting and pay more attention to those aspects of the setting that are immediately relevant

51
Q

Motivation

A

Refers to he processes within us which activate behaviour that is directed towards achieving a particular goal

52
Q

Emotional state

A

How we are feeling can influence the way in which we perceive visual information. Different emotions can ‘set’ us to perceive information in a particular way which is consistent with the emotion being experienced

53
Q

Past experience

A

Our personal experiences throughout our lives. This includes everything we learn through experience, both intentionally and unintentionally

54
Q

Culture

A

The way of life of a particular community or group that sets it apart from other communities or groups

55
Q

Visual illusion

A

A misinterpretation or real sensory information. An experience in which there is a mismatch between our perception and what we understand as physical reality

56
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

A

A visual illusion in which one of two lines of equal length, each of which has opposite shaped ends,is incorrectly perceived as being longer than the other

57
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

Biological perspective

A

Eye movement theory:

Arrowheads and feather-tailed lines require different types and/or amounts of eye movements to perceive the lines

58
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

Behavioural perspective

A

Learning and past experience:
illusion contradicts what we haves learned throughout life about physical reality

Carpentered world hypothesis:
Occurs because of its similarity to familiar architectural feature in the real world we experience in everyday life

59
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

Socio-cultural perspective

A

Learning and past experience:
People in a ‘non-carpentered’ world who haven’t been exposed to rectangular structures as much are less likely to perceive the illusion than people in a ‘carpentered’ world

60
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

Cognitive perspective

A

Incorrect use of size constancy:
We assume to smaller line is further away than what it actually is due to our incorrect use if size constancy which causes us to interpret that when two lines appear to be at different distances and cast retinal images of equal size, then the line which appears to be further away must be longer

61
Q

Ames room illusion

A

An illusion which involves a trapezium-shaped room that is longer and higher on one side than the other. When viewed through a peephole at the front of the room using only one eye, the room appears rectangular

Psychology (8 decks)

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