VISUAL PERCEPTION Flashcards
blues and greens can be confused, but yellows also can seem to disappear or to appear as light shades of reds
Tritanopia
the object in the external world
Example: The apple on the table itself, which is the source of the sensory input.
distal object
– how the information of the object is presented and delivered
Example: Light reflected from an apple serving as the medium for visual perception.
informational medium
occurs when the information meet the appropriate sensory receptor
Example: Light rays from a nearby lamp hitting the retina.
proximal stimulation
created in the brain that reflects the properties of the external world
Example: Seeing a pencil on a desk and perceiving it as “a pencil,” distinct from its surrounding objects.
perceptual object
- Information flows through the system of sensation, perception, and cognition
- Questions of ___ focus on qualities of stimulation
- Questions of ___ focus on identity and form, pattern, and movement
- Questions of ___ focus on how the information will be used on further goals
- We never can experience through vision, hearing, taste, smell, or touch exactly the same set of stimulus properties we have experienced before
sensation
perception
cognition
- receptor cells adapt to constant stimulation by ceasing to fire until there is a change in stimulation
- Through __-, we may stop detecting the presence of a stimulus
Example: Not noticing the smell of a perfume after wearing it for a while.
sensory adaptation
a mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived
Example: Mentally visualizing a specific fragrance (like roses) even without physically smelling it at the moment
mental percept
describe approaches where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye
Example: Identifying a novel object by piecing together its shape, texture, and color without prior familiarity.
bottom-up theories
state that perception is driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and the prior expectations that influence perception
Example: Reading messy handwriting but understanding the word because your brain fills in the gaps based on context.
top-down theories
- Proposed by___
- States that the information in
our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything - This view is sometimes also
called ____ - We use texture gradients as
cues for depth and distance
as you move, sesnory system directly picks up information aout depth
ex: The texture of the ground changing as you step on leaves or soil. Theses cues are perceived directly without needing prior experience or mental reconstruction
Theory of direct perception
James J. Gibson
ecological perception
revealed that infants quickly
develop many aspects of
perceptual awareness, including depth perception
* may also play a role in interpersonal situations when we try to make sense of others’ emotions and intentions
Example: A driver perceives the layout of the road and adjusts their speed immediately based on its visual flow.
direct perception
specific : visual cliff experiment
- Suggest that we have stored in our minds myriad ets of templates
*___are highly detailed
models for patterns we
potentially might recognize
Example: Recognizing the letter “A” regardless of font style because it matches a mental template stored for “A.”
templates theory
Templates
- According to these theories, we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype
- One such feature-matching
model has been called
____ by Oliver
Selfridge
hinihimay natin ang features (color, line, shape) at compare sa stored feature sa memory
feature matching theories
pandemonium
receives a retinal image
Example: Detecting a blurry image of a letter “R” as it first appears in the visual field.
image demon
calls out when there are matches between the stimulus and the given feature.
Example: Recognizing the straight lines and curved shapes in the letter “R.”
feature demon
shouts out possible patterns stored in memory that conform to one or more features
Example: Suggesting that the combination of features might form the letter “R” or “P.”
cognitive demon
decides on what has been seen, based on which cognitive demon is shouting the most frequently
Example: Concluding that the letter is indeed “R” and not “P.”
decision demon
___-constitute the
small-scale or detailed aspects
of a given pattern
Example: While looking at a painting, noticing the intricate brush strokes and patterns within a small corner.
- ___- - the features
that give a form its overall
shape
Example: Looking at the same painting and seeing the whole image as a landscape without focusing on individual details.
local features
Global Features
occurs when the person more
readily identifies the global feature
Example: Observing a large letter “H” made up of smaller letters “E.” You first perceive the large “H” (global feature) before noticing the individual “E”s (local features).
global precedence effect
occurs when the person more readily identifies the local feature
Example: Looking at a forest, someone first notices the shape and details of individual leaves on a tree rather than seeing the forest as a whole.
local precedence effect
- Proposed by Irving Biederman
- We achieve stable 3-D mental
representations of objects by
manipulating a number of simple 3-D geometric shapes called ___ (for geometrical ions) - A small number of ___can be used to build up many basic
shapes and then myriad basic
objects
recognition-by-components theory
geons
- The perceiver builds a cognitive understanding of a stimulus
- The concepts of the perceiver
and his or her cognitive processes influence what he or she sees - Perception both affects and is
affected by the world as we
experience it - Also known as the ___
ang brain ang gumagawa ng meaning mula sa sensory information
constructive perception
intelligent perception
are the influences of the surrounding environment on perception
Ex: Visual Context: A letter like “B” might look like “13” when placed between numbers (12, 13, 14) but appear as a letter “B” in an alphabetic context (A, B, C).
context effects
objects presented in certain
configurations are easier to recognize than the objects
presented in isolation
Example: If you’re shown two side-by-side triangles that are slightly misaligned to form a new composite shape, you will recognize differences between these configurations faster than between single, isolated triangles.
mas mabilis ang perception kapag ang mga bahagi ay nasa isang meaningful pattern
configural-superiority effect
when people are presented with strings of letters, it is easier for them to identify a single letter if the string
makes sense and forms a word
Ex: If you see the letter “K” within the word “WORK”, you’re likely to identify it faster than if the letter “K” appeared by itself or in a random string like “SKOL”.
mas madaling kilalanin ang letra kapag bahagi ito ng isang buong salita kaysa kapag ito ay mag-isa lang or kasama sa random words
word superiority effect
** An ____ position would drastically underestimate the importance of sensory data
(EX: naglalakad sa madilim na kalsada, dahil may narinig kang kwento na may multo sa lugar, ang utak mo ay nag c-connect ng nakikita mo na shadow kahit hindi naman talaga, ang expectation ang nangibabaw kaysa sa actual visual information)
* An ____ position would not allow for any influence of past experience or knowledge on perception
(ex: First time makakita ng new fruit, dipa natitikman o nakakain, ang brain is di gagamit ng past experience para malaman kung ano ito, senses lang ang gagamitin)
extreme top-down
extreme bottom-up
- The individual stores the way the object looks to him or her
- Thus, what matters is the
appearance of the object to the viewer - When we try to recognize an object, we have to rotate that object in our mind until it fits one of the stored images
ex; when you walk around a table, the legs of the table appear to shift position relative to you, but you recognize it as the same table
depende sa anggulo ng observer
viewer centered representation
- The person stores a
representation of the object,
independent of its appearance
to the viewer - In this case, the shape of the
object will stay stable across
different orientations
ex: a car’s wheels are always understood as part of the car, no matter which side of the car you’re looking at
stable image
naiintindihan batay sa isang fixed at universal representation
object centered representation
Information is characterized by its relation to a well-known or
prominent item
ex; when giving directions “the library is two blocks south of the school”
landmark centered representation
- One way to bring order and
coherence into our perception is our ability to group similar things - This way, we can reduce the
number of things that need to be processed
perception of groups: gestalt laws
we tend to perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form
ex: when you see a group of circles overlapping, your brain simplifies the view to see them as whole circles, rather than complex shapes formed by the overlapping areas
hinahanap ang pinaka maayos na structure
kapag tumingin tayo sa isang object, ang utak natin is automatic na nag aayos ng visual elements para mas maging simple at madaling maintindihan
Law of Prägnanz
when perceiving
a visual field, some objects
(figures) seem prominent, and
other aspects of the field recede into the background (ground)
ex: in a face vase illusion, your brain alternates between seeing the vase as the figure and the faces as the background
figure ground
when we perceive an
assortment of objects, we tend to see objects that are close to
each other as forming a group
ex: a cluster of stars in the night sky is perceived as a constellation
proximity
we tend to group
objects on the basis of their
similarity
similarity
- we tend to perceive
smoothly flowing or continuous forms rather than disrupted or discontinuous ones
ex: when you see lines crossing each other. your brain perceive them as continuous patterns
continuity
we tend to perceptually
close up, or complete, objects
that are not, in fact, complete
ex: when you see a circle with small gaps in its outline your brain “fills in” the missing parts to perceive it as complete
closure
we tend to perceive
objects as forming mirror images about their center
symmetry
specializes in recognition of
parts of objects and in assembling those parts into
distinctive wholes
ex: identifying a letter by analyzing its individual components, such as straight lines and curves
ini-scan muna ng utak ang features (hugis, color, texture) after ipag sasama para makabuo ng kumpletong image or object
feature analysis system
specializes in recognizing larger
configurations, but is not well
equipped to analyze parts of
objects or the construction of
the objects
ex: kapag nakakita tayo ng artista hindi mo maiisip na maitim ang buhok niya, bilog ang mata,etc. automatic na makikilala bilang isang buo
iniintindi natin bilang isang buo kaysa himay himayin ang bawat parte
ang utak natin mas mabilis mag process ng buong facial structure kaysa feature ng hiwalay
configurational system
It occurs when our perception
of an object remains the same
even when our proximal
sensation of the distal object
changes
perceptual constancies
is the perception that an object
maintains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus
size constancies
is the perception that an object
maintains the same shape
despite changes in the shape
of the proximal stimulus
shape constancies
the distance from a surface, usually using your own
body as a reference surface
ex; while hiking you estimate how far the peak of a hill from your current position
depth
can be represented in just two
dimensions and observed with
just one eye
ex; while driving you notice that the distant trees appear smaller and closer together
monocular depth cues
based on the receipt of sensory
information in three dimensions from** both eyes
**
ex: while watching 3d movies the overlapping images presented to each eye are interpreted by your brain as a single, three-dimensional scene
binocular depth cues
your two eyes send increasingly disparate (differing) images to your brain as objects approach you
ex; while holding a pen in front of your face, closing one eye and then the other makes the pen appear to “jump” against the background
binocular disparity
**
your two eyes increasingly turn
inward as objects approach
you
ex; when reading a book held close down your face, your eyes turn inward to focus on the text, signaling that the object is near
binocular convergence
may depend upon more than just the distance or depth at which an object is located relative to oneself
* The perceived distance to a
target is influenced by the effort required to walk to the location of the target
ex: while playing a catch, you accurately judge the distance of the ball as it approaches, allowing you to catch it with precision
depth perception
have trouble to perceive sensory information
- have normal sensations of what is in front of them
ex: a person might see a toothbrush but be unable to recognize it as a toothbrush, even though their vision is intact
agnosia
the inability to recognize face
ex: they might rely on distinctive features like hairstyles or clothing to identify people
prosopagnosia
an individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time
ex: in a busy living room, they might notice a couch but fail to perceive a nearby lamp or coffee table
simultagnosia
- It is an impairment in the ability to use the visual system to guide movement
- People with this deficit have
trouble reaching for things
ex: might struggle to reach for a glass of water despite seeing it clearly
optic ataxia
- People with this condition have no color vision at al
ex: individuals see the world as gray and often attributed to color blindness and sensitivity to light
Rod monochromacy (achromacy)
- only two of the mechanisms for color perception work, and one is malfunctioning
- common form is RED-GREEN BLINDNESS
Kulang ng isa sa 3 cone cells (red, green, blue)
dichromacy
The extreme form of red-green
color blindness is called
ex: red stop sign might appear dark gray and green leaf could look yellowish
kulang ng red cones
Protanopia
trouble seeing greens
ex: a green apple might look brownish
kulang ng green cones
deuteranopia
blues and greens can be confused, but yellows also can seem to disappear or to appear as light shades of
reds
ex: a blue sky might appear greenish, and a ripe banana may look pinkish or gray instead of yellow
kulang ng blue cones
tritanopia
- Sensory information may be more richly informative and less ambiguous in interpreting experiences than the constructivists would suggest
- But it may be less informative than the direct-perception theorists would assert
- We likely use a combination of information from the sensory receptors and our past knowledge to make sense of what we perceive
