LESSON 1 Flashcards
Cognitive psychology explores the operation of mental processes related to ___, ____, ____, _____ and ___, mainly through inferences from behavior
Perceiving
attending
Thinking
Language
Memory
Who believes that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis
Plato
Who is the rationalist?
Plato
Who believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence?
Aristotle
Who is empiricist ?
Aristotle
Who felt that one could not rely on one senses because those very senses have often proven to be deceptive?
René Descartes
Believe that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation
John Locke
Argued that both rationalism and empiricism have their place which is accepted by most psychologist in the present
Immanuel Kant
First major school of thought in psychology
Structuralism
Believe that rationalism is involved in theory development, while empiricism is connected to empirical investigation in psychology
Immanuel Kant
Founder of structuralism
Wilhelm wundt
___ proposed the ___ which is Looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness
Wilhelm wundt
Introspection
His mind emphasis in the study of the mind shifted from a rationalist approach to the empiricist approach
Wilhelm wundt
He help bring structuralism to the united states
Edward titchener
His experiment relied solely on the use of introspection
Edward titchener
(A school of thought)
Suggested that psychologist should focus on the process of thought rather than on its content
Functionalism
Seeks to understand what people do and why they do it
Functionalism
(FUNCTIONALISM)
Knowledge is validated by its usefulness
Pragmatism
Leader in guiding functionalism toward pragmatism; authored the principles of psychology
William james
Examines how elements of the mind can become asaociated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning
Association
Association may results from ___, ____ or ___
Contiguity
Similarity
Contrast
Was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systemically
Herman ebbinghaus
He studied about the role of repetitions in learning- called ___ (using nonsense syllables)
Herman ebbinghaus
Rehearsal
Held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming association
Edward lee Thorndike
Thorndike termed this principles the ___
Law of effect
People in structuralism (2)
Wilhelm wundt
Edward titchener
People in associationism (2)
Hermann ebbinghaus
Edward lee Thorndike
Focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli
Behaviorism
Considered as an extreme version of associationism
Behaviorism
Paved the way for the development of behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov
Shifted psychological experiments from human subjects into animals
Behaviorism
Father of radical behaviorism
John B. Watson
He believed that psychologist must concentrate only on observable behavior
John B. Watson
Proposed the concept of OPERANT CONDITIONING (strengthening or weakening behavior through rewards and punishment)
B.F. skinner
Behaviorist regarded the mind as a black box that the internal processes cannot be accurately describe because they are observable
Peaking in the “Black Box”
Suggested that all behavior is directed towards a goal
Edward tolman
He is viewed sometimes as the forefather of modern cognitive psychology
Edward tolman
Stated that learning appears to result from observations of the rewards or punishment given to others
Albert bandura
His consideration of social learning opens the way to considering what is happening inside the mind of the individual
Albert bandura
“the whole is more than the sum of its parts”
Gestalt psychology
We cannot fully understand behavior when we only break phenomena down into smaller parts
Gestalt psychology
In the early 1950’s a movemycalled the ___ took place in response to behaviorism
Cognitive revolution
The belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think
Cognitivism
A synthesis of earlier forms of analysis such as behaviorism and gestalitism
Cognitivism
Considered the Brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior — most which are not readily explicable in terms of simple conditioning
Karl spencer lashley
Proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for learning in the brain
Donald hebb
___ are coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation
Cell assemblies
Wrote an entire book describing how language acquisition and usage could be explained purely in terms of environmental contingency
B.F skinner
Stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language
Noam Chomsky
A computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indisguishable by humans from the output of humans
Turing test
The capacity to learn from experience, metacognitive process to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the sorrounding environment
Intelligence
Peoples understanding and control of their own thinking processes
Metacognition
Persons ability to adapt to a variety of challenges in diverse cultures
Cultural intelligence
Proposed by John carroll
Three- stratum model of intelligence
Hierarchy of cognitive abilities
Stratum 1 : narrow, specific abilities
Stratum 2 : broad abilities
Stratum 3: single general intelligence
In the middle stratum are ___ and ___
Fluid ability
Crystalized ability
THREE-STRATUM MODEL OF INTELLIGENCE
- Speed and accuracy of abstract, reasoning, especially for novel problems
ex: solving puzzle that never been encountered before or identifying patterns in a series of numbers
- Accumulated knowledge and vocabulary
ex: answering trivia questions, using vocabulary or solving problems based on prior learning
Fluid Ability
Crystalized ability
The theory of multiple intelligences is proposed by ___
Howard Gardner
For ___ the mind is modular
Gardner
The triachic theory of intelligence is proposed by __
Robert Sternberg
It emphasizes the extent to which different aspects of intelligence work together
Triachic theory of intelligence
TRIACHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
• are used to generate novel ideas
• Ascertain wether the ideas are good ones
• are used to implement the ideas and persuade others of their value
Creative abilities
Analytical abilities
Practical abilities
TRIACHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
___ is at the center of intelligence
Cognition
TRIACHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
Three different kinds of components (3)
Metacomponents
Performance components
Knowledge- acquisition -components
TRIACHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
Higher order executive processes used to plan, monitor, and evaluate problem solving
Metacomponents
TRIACHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
lower-order processes used for implementing the commands of the metacomponents
Performance components
TRIACHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
The processes used for learning how to solve the problems in the first place
Knowledge acquisition components
Type of intelligence (8)
Linguistic intelligence
Logical-mathematical intelligence
Spatial intelligence
Musical intelligence
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence
Intrapersonal intelligence
Naturalist intelligence
