LESSON 2 Flashcards
The ___ is the organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions and motivations
Brain
Damage in Hippocampus can lead to
anterograde amnesia
apathy
paralyzed eye muscles
tremor
essentialfor FLEXIBLE LEARNING (What you apply based from spatial memory) and for SEEING THE RELATIONS among items learned as well as for SPATIAL MEMORY (places, things and environment, recognizing familiarity)
Hippocampus
Plays an essential role in
memory formation
Hippocampus
Two other effects of lesions to
the amygdala can be ____ (inability to recognize objects) and ___
visual agnosia
hypersexuality
People with autism has
limited activation of this area
Amygdala
Damage can lead to lack of
fear
Amygdala
The _ also has an enhancing effect for the perception of emotional stimul
Amygdala
Stimulation of the amygdala
commonly results in ___
Fear
Plays an important role in
emotion, especially in ANGER
and AGGRESSION
Amygdala
Involved in anger and fear
Septum
allows us to suppress instinctive responses
Limbic system
It is important to emotion,
motivation, memory, and
learning
Limbic system
are collections of neurons crucial to motor function
Basal ganglia
It plays a vital role in our
thinking and other mental
processes
Cerebral cortex
• It is the outer layer of the
cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral cortex
refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific skills or behavior
Localization of function
essential for certain kinds of
adaptive behaviors
Peri-aqueductal gray (PAG)
It comprises the hypothalamus,
the thalamus, the midbrain, and
the hindbrain
Brainstem
• Connects the forebrain to the
spinal cord
Brain stem
responsible in regulating
consciousness (sleep;
wakefulness; arousal; attention
to some extent; and vital
functions such as heartbeat
and breathing)
Reticular activating system
involved in movement
control
Substantia nigra and ventral region
• involved in vision
• involved in hearing
Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
It is more important in
nonmammals where it is the
main source of control for visual
and auditory information
Midbrain
__ helps to control eye movement and coordination
Midbrain
It is involved in the stimulation
of the pituitary glands,
through which a range of
hormones are produced and
released
Hypothalamus
Also is important for the
functioning of the endocrine
system
Hypothalamus
• Plays a role in sleep
Hypothalamus
Active in regulating emotions
and reactions to stress
Hypothalamus
regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating
Hypothalamus
When the ___
malfunctions, the result can
be pain, tremor, amnesia,
impairment of language, and
disruptions in waking and
sleeping
Thalamus
The ___ also helps in the
control of sleep and waking
Thalamus
Relays incoming sensory
information through groups of
neurons that project to the
appropriate region in the
cortex
Thalamus
the ____ is the most
recent evolutionary addition to
the brain and the last to
develop
forebrain
The ___ is a relatively
newer addition to the brain in
evolutionary terms
midbrain
The ___ is evolutionarily
the oldest and most primitive
part of the brain as it is the first
part of the brain to develop
prenatally
hindbrain
Controls bodily coordination,
balance, and muscle tone,
as well as some aspects of
memory involving procedurerelated movements
Cerebellum
Serves as a kind of relay
station because it contains
neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to another
Pons
It is an elongated interior
structure located at the point
where the spinal cord enters
the skull and joins with the
brain
Medulla oblongata
The place at which nerves
from the right side of the
body cross over to the left
side of the brain and nerves
from the left side of the body cross over to the right side of the brain
Medulla oblongata
Controls heart activity and
largely controls breathing,
swallowing, and digestion
Medulla oblongata
In determining brain death, a
physician must determine that
the brainstem has been
damaged so severely that
various reflexes of the head are
absent for more than 12 hours,
or the brain must show no
___ or ___
electrical activity
Cerebral circulation of blood
___ did not believe that the two
hemispheres function completely independently but
rather that they serve
complementary role
- He argues that the brain is organized into relatively independent functioning units that work in parallel
Michael Gazzaniga
The ___ hemishphere seems to be responsible for the identification of one’s own face
Right
• People with ___ hemisphere
damage tend to have deficits
in following conversations or
stories
- They also have difficulties in
making inferences from context
and in understanding metaphorical or humorous
speech
Right
Another role of the __
hemisphere is to examine past
experiences to find patterns
Left
*People with ___—disorders
of skilled movements—often have had damage to the left hemisphere
Apraxia
The ___ hemisphere is also
important in movement
Left
___ visualization ability
appears to be largely localized
in the right hemisphere
Spatial
___ are people
who have undergone
operations severing the corpus
callosum
Split-brain patients
Many in the field have argued
that ___ is localized in the
left hemisphere
language
____ argued that each
hemisphere behaves in many
respects like a separate brain.
- They proved that information
presented visually to one
cerebral hemisphere of the cat
was not recognizable to the
other hemisphere
Roger Sperry
___ studied language-deficient patients who could speak but whose speech made no sense
- . He studied a different precise
location, now known as
Wernicke’s area, which
contributes to language
comprehension
Carl Wernicke
In 1861, ___ claimed that
an autopsy revealed that an
aphasic stroke patient had a
lesion in the left cerebral
hemisphere of the brain
- By 1864, he identified a specific part of the left hemisphere of the brain, now called ___
Paul Broca
Broca’s area
By 1836, ___ had treated
patients suffering from aphasia
as a result of brain damage
Marc Dax
__ is a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemisphere
- Once information has reached
one hemisphere, the corpus
callosum transfers it to the other hemisphere
Corpus callosum
not all information transmission is __ ( from one side to another)
• Some ___ transmission
(on the same side—occurs as wel)
Contralateral
ipsilateral
• surface of the cerebral cortex
(Responsible for processing information, including muscle control, sensory perception, emotions, and decision-making.)
• The underlying ___ of the brain’s interior. Comprises mostly white myelinated axons
(Facilitates communication between different brain regions by transmitting signals efficiently.)
Gray matter
White matter
The human ___
enables us to think, plan,
coordinate thoughts and
actions, perceive visual and
sound patterns, and use
language
cerebral cortex
• ___ small grooves
• ___ - large grooves
• ___ - bulges between
adjacent sulci or fissures
Sulci
Fissures
Gyri
- The ___ plays an
extremely important role in
human cognition - It comprises __ of the human brain
cerebral cortex
80%
These ____ are
chemical messengers for
transmission of information
across the synaptic gap to the
receiving dendrites of the next
neuro
neurotransmitters
The __ serves as a
juncture between the terminal
buttons of one or more neurons
and the dendrites (or
sometimes the soma) of one or
more other neurons
synapse
The ___ are small
knobs found at the ends of the
branches of an axon that do
not directly touch the dendrites
of the next neuron
terminal buttons
___ are small gaps
in the myelin coating along the
axon, which serve to increase
conduction speed even more
by helping to create electrical
signals
Nodes of Ranvier
___ is a white, fatty
substance that surrounds some
of the axons of the nervous
system
Myelin
The single ___ is a long, thin
tube that extends from the
soma and responds to the
information by transmitting an
electrochemical signal which
travels to the ___
where the signal can be
transmitted to other neurons
axon
terminal buttons,
The ___ are branchlike
structures that receive
information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information
dendrites
The ___, which contains the
nucleus of the cell, is
responsible for the life of the
neuron and connects the
dendrites to the axon
soma
___ transmit electric signals
from one location to another in
the nervous system
• The greatest concentration of
neurons is in the ___ -
part of the brain associated
with complex cognition
Neurons
neocortex
• ___ refers to the front part
of the brain
• ___ refers to the bottom
surface of the body/brain
• ___ refers to the back
part of the body/brain
• ___ refers to the upside of
the brain
Rostral
Ventral
Caudal
Dorsal
___ primarily in the occipital lobe
• Other fibers cross over the ___ and go contralaterally to the opposite hemisphere
Visual cortex
optic chiasma
In the parietal lobe, the ___ receives information from the senses about pressure, texture,
temperature, and pain
primary somatosensory cortex
___depict the body parts of a person mapped on the brain
mental representation of the body in the brain
mas malaki ang representation ng kamay at labi because of complex sensory receptors
Homunculi
specializes in the planning,
control, and execution of
movement
Primary motor cortex
are the areas in the lobes in which sensory processing occurs
Projection areas
__ is associatedwith visual processing
- The occipital lobe contains
numerous visual areas, each
specialized to analyze specific
aspects of a scene, including
color, motion, location, and
form
Occipital lobe
____ is associated
with auditory processing and
comprehending language
• It is also involved in retention of visual memories
• It also matches new things you
see to what you have retained
in visual memory
Temporal lobe
___ is associated with
somatosensory processing
- It receives inputs from the
neurons regarding touch, pain,
temperature sense, and limb
position when you are
perceiving space and your
relationship to it
Parietal lobe
is also involved in consciousness and paying
attention
Parietal lobe
___ the region toward the front of the frontal lobe, is involved in complex motor control and tasks that require integration of
information over time
Prefrontal cortex
___ associated with
motor processing and higher
thought processes
- It tends to be involved in
sequences of thoughts - It is critical in producing speech
Frontal lobe
_ has found some evidence that the left hemisphere **tends to process information analytically
- She argues that the** right**
hemisphere** tends to process it
holistically
Levy
Master gland of the endocrine system
Pituitary gland
Relays information between the two cerebral hemisphere
Corpus callosum
Reticular activating system carries messages about sleep and arousal
Midbrain
Regulates heartbeat and breathing
Medulla
Regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, fuck
Hypothalamus
In cases of schizophrenia studies reveal abnormal changes in ___ results in difficulties focusing attention and filtering stimuli
Thalamus
Damaged to __ can lead to anterograde amnesia, apathy, paralyzed eye muscles and tremor
Hippocampus
It tends to be involved in SEQUENCE OF THOUGHTS, and PRODUCING SPEECH
Frontal lobe
It is involved in RETENTION of VISUAL MEMORIES (it matches new things you see to what have retained in visual memory)
Temporal lobe
