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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > VISUAL PERCEPTION > Flashcards

VISUAL PERCEPTION Flashcards

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1
Q

stimuli through
sensory organs

A

sensation

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2
Q

brain processing and
interpreting stimuli.
typically relate to
identity & form,
pattern & movement

A

perception

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3
Q

brain determining
future goal

A

cognition

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4
Q

DISTAL OBJECT
- INFORMATIONAL MEDIUM
- PROXIMAL STIMULATION
- PERCEPTUAL OBJECT

A

james gibson 1966-1979

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5
Q

object in the external
world

A

distal object

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6
Q

carries info to the person

A

informational medium

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7
Q

sensory organ receives
info

A

proximal stimulation

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8
Q

mental image

A

perceptual image

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9
Q

mental representation of the stimuli received

A

percept

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10
Q

we can never
experience the exact
same set of stimuli as
we experienced it
before

stimuli may exist but
without anyone to
sense it, it will not

A

stabilized images

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11
Q

receptor cells adapt to constant
stimulation by not firing until change in
stimulation

presence of stimulus is not detected

A

senosry adaptation

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12
Q

gray field replacing stimulus
after senses adapt

A

ganzfeld effect

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13
Q

em light is transduced &
converted to neural
electrochemical impulses

A

retina

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14
Q

image is rotated
and falls here

A

fovea

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15
Q

color

A

cones

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16
Q

light and dark

A

rods

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17
Q

light energy to
electrochemical
energy

A

photoreceptors

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18
Q
  • ascends to parietal lobe
A

Dorsal Pathway (Where)

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19
Q
  • descends to temporal lobe
A

Ventral Pathway (What)

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20
Q

what object is & where it
is

A

WHAT-WHERE
HYPOTHESIS

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21
Q

what object is & how it
functions

spatial information, how
we situate ourselves
with the object

A

WHAT-HOW
HYPOTHESIS

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22
Q
  • eyes-to-brain perception
  • data-driven (stimulus-driven)
A

BOTTOM-UP THEORIES

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23
Q
  • driven by high-level cognitive process, existing
    knowledge, & prior expectation
A

TOP-DOWN THEORIES

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24
Q
  • sensory info is all we need to perceive
  • “ecological perception”
  • sufficient contextual info exists to make perceptual
    judgement uwu
    Texture Gradients - depth & distance
  • relative proximity/distance & object parts
    + 30-100ms after visual stimulus, mirror neurons start firing +
A

GIBSON’S THEORY (1979)

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25
Q
  • mind stores templates & patterns that we recognize
  • obtaining chunks of knowledge to long-term storage can later be accessed for fast recognition

+ letters & letters are different. left fusiform- letters +

A

CHUNK-BASED THEORY

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26
Q

FOUR TYPES OF DEMONS:

A

● Image Demons
● Feature Demons
● Cognitive Demons
● Decision Demons

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27
Q

We attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or prototype

A

FEATURE-MATCHING THEORY

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28
Q

● Oliver Selfridge
● Metaphorical “demons”
with specific duties
receive and analyze the
features of a stimulus

A

THE PANDEMONIUM
THEORY

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29
Q

feature that
give a form its overall shape

A

Global Feature:

30
Q

when the letters are close
together at the local level,
people have problems
identifying the local stimuli
(small letters) if they are not
concordant with the global
stimulus (big letter).

A

Global Precedence Effect:

31
Q

constitute the
small-scale or detailed aspects
of a given pattern

A

Local Feature:

32
Q

when the letters on the local
level are relatively far apart
from each other, it is harder for
people to identify the global
stimulus (big letter) if it is not
concordant with the local
stimuli (small letters)

A

Local Precedence Effect:

33
Q

Research showed that the visual cortex contains specific neurons that respond only to a particular kind of stimulus, and only if that stimulus fell onto a specific region of the retina.

Cells seem to show hierarchical structure; At the lowest level, cells respond to lines; at a higher level, they respond to corners and edges, then to shapes, and so forth.

As evidence of this hierarchy, there were once believed to be just two kinds of visual cortex neurons, simple cells and complex cells

A

NEUROSCIENCE AND
FEATURE-MATCHING THEORIES

34
Q

we quickly recognize objects by observing the edges of them and then decomposing the objects into geons

A

Recognition-by-components (RBC) Theory:

35
Q

According to Irving Bierderman, we recognize 3-D objects by manipulating geometric shapes called

A

geons.

36
Q

Studies have found neurons in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to just those viewpoint-invariant properties.

Many neurons, however, respond primarily to one view of an object and decrease their response gradually the more the object is rotated.

This finding contradicts the notion of Biederman’s theory that we recognize objects by means of viewpoint-invariant geons. As a result, it is not clear at this point whether Biederman’s theory is correct.

A

NEUROSCIENCE AND
RBC THEORY

37
Q

Also known as Intelligent Perception
The perceiver builds (constructs) a cognitive understanding (perception) of a stimulus

The concepts of the perceiver and his or her cognitive processes influence what he or she sees. The perceiver uses sensory information
as the foundation for the structure but also uses other sources of information to build the perception

Higher-order thinking plays an important role in perception; also
emphasizes the role of learning in perception

A

CONSTRUCTIVE PERCEPTION

38
Q

The percepts are based on the following:

A

● What we sense (the sensory data)
● What we know (knowledge stored in memory)
● What we can infer (using high-level cognitive processes)

39
Q

The process by which we
unconsciously assimilate
information from a number of
sources to create a perception

A

Unconscious Inference

40
Q

Objects presented in certain
configurations are easier to
recognize than the objects presented
in isolation, even if the objects in the
configurations are more complex
than those in isolation

A

Configural-superiority effect

41
Q

A target line that forms a part of
a drawing of a 3-D object is
identified more accurately than a
target that forms a part of a
disconnected 2-D pattern

A

Object-superiority effect

42
Q

indicates that when people are
presented with strings of letters,
it is easier for them to identify a
single letter if the string makes
sense and forms a word instead
of being just a nonsense sequel
of letters.

A

Word-superiority effect

43
Q

Individual stores the way the object looks
to him or her

A

Viewer-centered perception

44
Q

Individual stores a
representation of the object

A

Object-centered perception

45
Q

Information is characterized by its
relation to a well-known or prominent
item

A

Landmark-centered perception

46
Q

● Useful for understanding how we perceive groups of objects or even
parts of objects to form integral wholes
● Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler, and Max Wertheimer

A

GESTALT LAWS

47
Q

We tend to perceive any
given visual array in a way
that most simply
organizes the different
elements into a stable and
coherent form

A

LAW OF PRAGNANZ

48
Q

Other Gestalt principles:

A

● Figure-ground
perception
● Proximity
● Similarity
● Continuity
● Closure
● Symmetry

49
Q

Specializes in recognizing parts of objects and in assembling those parts into distinctive wholes

A

Feature Analysis System

50
Q

Specializes in recognizing larger configurations, not analyzing
parts of objects or the construction of the objects

A

Configurational System

51
Q

The fusiform gyrus is activated when one examines items with which one has visual expertise.

A

Expert-individuation hypothesis:

52
Q

inability to recognize faces

A

Prosopagnosia:

53
Q
  • Occurs when our
    perception of an
    object remains the
    same even when
    our proximal
    sensation of the
    distal object
    changes
    (Gillam, 2000)
A

perceptual constancy

54
Q
  • The perception that an object maintains the
    same size despite changes in the size of the
    proximal stimulus.
A

SIZE CONSTANCY

55
Q
  • The perception that an object maintains
    the same shape despite changes in the
    shape of proximal stimulus.
A

SHAPE CONSTANCY

56
Q

Depth is the distance from a surface, usually using your own body as a reference surface when speaking in terms of depth perception.

A

DEPTH PERCEPTION

57
Q
  • It can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye.
A

Monocular depth cues

58
Q
  • It is based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both
    eyes.
A

Binocular depth cues

59
Q

Your two eyes send increasingly disparate (differing) images to your brain as objects approach you.

A

Binocular disparity

60
Q

Your two eyes send increasingly turn inward as objects approach you.

A

Binocular convergence

61
Q
  • Trouble perceiving sensory information. It is often are caused by damage to the
    border of the temporal and occipital lobes.
  • People who suffer from visual-object agnosia can see all parts of the visual field,
    but the objects they see do not mean anything to them.
A

Agnosia

62
Q

An individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time.

A

SIMULTAGNOSIA

63
Q

Severely impared ability to recognize human faces.

A

PROSOPAGNOSIA

64
Q
  • An impaired ability to use the visual system to
    guide movement.
  • Ataxia results from a processing failure in the
    posterior parietal cortex, where sensorimotor
    information is processed.
  • People with this deficit have trouble reaching for
    things.
A

Optic Ataxia

65
Q

Color perception deficits
are much more common in
men than in women, and
they are genetically linked.

A

ANOMALIES
IN COLOR
PERCEPTION

66
Q
  • Least common, people with this condition have no color vision at all.
  • In this condition the cones are nonfunctional.
A

Rod monochromacy / achromacy

67
Q
  • Only two of the mechanisms for color perception work, and one is
    malfunctioning.
  • People with this form of color-blindness have difficulty in
    distinguishing red from green although they may be able to
    distinguish, for example, dark red from light green.
A

Dichromacy

68
Q
  • The extreme form of red-green color blindness
A

Protanopia

69
Q
  • Trouble seeing greens with symptoms similar to protanopia.
A

Deuteranopia

70
Q
  • Confusions of blues and greens, and yellows that disappear or
    appear as light shades of reds
A

Tritanopia

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (4 decks)

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