visual defects

Question 1

lesion where if you see bitemporal hemianopia

Answer 1

optic chiasm

Question 2

causes of bitemporal hemianopia

Answer 2

pituitary gland growth

Question 3

central scotoma typical of

Answer 3

optic neuritis

Question 4

centrocaecal scotoma typical of

Answer 4

toxic/neutritional optic neuropathy

Question 5

concentric peripheral constriction typical of

Answer 5

retinitis pigmentosa

Question 6

four common causes if unequal pupil

Answer 6

3rd nerve palsy
Horner’s syndrome
Tonic pupil
Pharmacological pupil

Question 7

causes of horizontal diplopia

Answer 7

VIth nerve palsy - abducens
internuclear opthamlomoplegia

throid eye disease - muscle

IIIrd nerve palsy - oculomotor

myasthenia gravis

Question 8

3rd nerve palsy features

Answer 8

down and out
ptosis
dilated pupil
diplopia

Question 9

horner’s syndrome features

Answer 9

small pupil
slight ptosis
anhydorsis

Question 10

causes of horners syndrome

Answer 10

brain stem stroke or tumor

carotid artery dissection - seek bruit, hemiparaesis

tumor at lung apex - arm pain and numbeness, hand weakness, SVC obstruction

Question 11

ocular myasthenia features

Answer 11

Can’t explain eye movement abnormality by individual cranial nerve palsy
Bilateral ptosis
Myasthenic facies
Fatigability of upgaze