Visual, Communication, and Cog Function Aids

Question 1

Congenital Cognitive Disorders

Answer 1

ADD, dyslexia, TBI as a child (disorders person was born with) (**Learning disabilities are NOT congenital disorders!)

Question 2

Key factor distinguishing nonoptical from optical aids?

Answer 2

Nonoptical aids are based on changes in the actual material to be read. (Optical aids affect the image presented to the eye.)

Question 3

Individual has LOW VISION if:

Answer 3

He or she is able to use the visual system for reading, but size, contrast or spacing are inadequate.
(When visual system offers NO input = blindness.)

Question 4

Alternate sensory pathways to augment reading when vision is impaired?

Answer 4

• Tactile

* Auditory

Question 5

Vision loss affecting central vision, with peripheral vision preserved

Answer 5

Age-related macular degeneration.

**Glaucoma is opposite.

Question 6

“User Agent” for the visually impaired

Answer 6

Software that is used to access web content.

Question 7

Elements providing greater access to the computer for visually impaired:

Answer 7

• A screen reader that reads displayed text
• A screen reader that provides Braille output
• A sound generated when specific function keys are pressed.

Question 8

Mobility aid that provides the most tactile and auditory input of the environment with detection of overhangs/drop-offs:

Answer 8

Electronically augmented cane with sensory signal.

Question 9

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Answer 9

Method of controlling computer using icons and cursor movements.

Question 10

Converts written text to ASCII code

Answer 10

Optical character-recognition software or hardware.

Question 11

Electronic component that makes electronic navigation aids possible

Answer 11

GPS

Question 12

Language

Answer 12

Set of symbols (concepts with expressive meaning) and the rules for organizing them.

Question 13

Difference between High-Tech and Low-Tech AAC Systems?

Answer 13

High-tech AAC systems have electronic components; low-tech do not.

Question 14

Children with ASD who use AAC:

Answer 14

• Depend on rote or episodic memory and benefit from contextual clues/prompts.
• Have difficulty with joint attention and understanding and using symbols.
• Prefer visual information that does not change.
• The use of total communication (speech and manual signing) is an effective strategy.

Question 15

Vocabulary selection for a client’s AAC device must:

Answer 15

…vary by context, communication modes, and individual characteristics.

Question 16

Key considerations for the mounting of AAC system?

Answer 16

• Ease of access to device by client
• Whether client uses manual and/or electric w/c(s)
• Client’s ability to move the device aside or completely remove for transfers

Question 17

Considerations for planning and long-term goal setting for AAC use by a client with ALS?

Answer 17

• Know the difference between presentation of spinal (limbs/muscles affected) forms and bulbar (language/cognition affected) forms of ALS
• Client will require a transition plan of AAC selection techniques as motor function decreases
• Client will require AAC support in last stages of disease
• How family communicates with the client

Question 18

Visual Scene Displays

Answer 18

Capture events in a person’s life on the screen with “hot spots” that can be accessed to retrieve information.

Question 19

Scripts

Answer 19

Way of training individuals to achieve social competence and more effective interactions.

Question 20

Tadoma Method

Answer 20

Tactile system used to substitute for auditory input for people who are deaf AND blind. (Involves feeling the speaker’s face.) * Used by Helen Keller.

Question 21

24-Hour Electronic Time Panel

Answer 21

Device that may help understand duration of activities/waiting for clients with intellectual disability that includes deficits in memory, abstract generalization, problem-solving, or communication.

Question 22

Types of Attention

Answer 22

SELECTIVE: tracking of one stimuli and ignoring another

SEARCH: active scanning of environment for particular stimuli or features

VIGILANCE: paying close/continuous attention

Question 23

Types of Memory

Answer 23

ENCODING: physical and sensory transferred into representation that can be stored in memory

IMPLICIT: enhanced performance on a task, as a result of prior experience, despite having no conscious awareness of recollecting the prior experience

STORAGE: the movement of encoded info into memory and the maintenance of information in storage

Question 24

Watch Minder with 30 Programmable Alarms

Answer 24

AT that can help with prompting/cueing of tasks at home/work for those with ADHD.

Question 25

Considerations to make web pages more accessible to those with cognitive disabilities

Answer 25

• Reduce screen clutter
• Group textual information under logical headings
• Supplement text with illustrations and other media

Question 26

Memory Aids

Answer 26

Recording, word completion/prediction, and information retrieval AT.

Question 27

Word Completion/Prediction Software best for…

Answer 27

… those with learning disability who have trouble with language skills, specifically visual or auditory memory.

Question 28

Smart House

Answer 28

Provides automatic monitoring of occupants using sensors.

Question 29

Types of Hearing Loss

Answer 29

CONDUCTIVE loss: due to pathological defects of middle ear.

SENSORINEURAL loss: due to defects in cochlea or auditory nerve.

CENTRAL loss: due to damage to auditory cortex or brain.

FUNCTIONAL DEAFNESS: due to perceptual deficits not physiological deficits.

Question 30

FaceToFace

Answer 30

Portable note taking device for those who are deaf and blind. The person who is deaf/blind types on braille keyboard, and it’s displayed on a screen for the reading person. Then, the reading person types back, which appears as braille to the deaf/blind person.

Question 31

Speech Disorders

Answer 31

APRAXIA: oral or limb or both; seen in CP, ASD, epilepsy, intellectual disabilities

DYSARTHRIA: CNS or PNS damage; MS or ALS

Question 32

Aphasia

Answer 32

LANGUAGE disorders (not speech!) due to brain tumor, stroke, brain damage.

Question 33

Types of Communicators

Answer 33

EMERGENT: no method of symbolic expression (ie: 1-year-olds)

CONTEXT-DEPENDENT: reliable communication but limited to specific contexts (ie: twins that have own language together)

INDEPENDENT: able to communicate with unfamiliar/familiar partners on any topic (ie: deaf grandmother who figures it out)

Question 34

Procedural vs. Declarative Knowledge

Answer 34

PROCEDURAL: “knowing how” to do things; does not involve conscious thought; riding a bike.

DECLARATIVE: “knowing that”; conscious recall of information; your baseball team name; your child’s birthday.

Question 35

Retrieval vs. Recall vs. Recognition

Answer 35

Memory use types.

RETRIEVAL: recovery of stored info & using/reviewing it; often where memory breakdown occurs.

RECALL: retrieving info with NO hints (fill in the blank questions)

RECOGNITION: retrieving info WITH hints (multiple choice questions)

Question 36

Dementia Symptoms:

Answer 36

• Memory loss, often noticed by spouse/others
• Difficulty communicating/finding words
• Difficulty with visual/spatial abilities (getting lost)
• Difficulty reasoning or problem-solving
• Difficulty handling complex tasks
• Difficulty planning/organizing
• Difficulty with coordination/motor functions
• Confusion/disorientation

Question 37

Problem-Solving Step by Step

Answer 37

1) Problem identification
2) Judgement
3) Decision making (deductive/general or inductive/specific reasoning)
4) Planning
5) Evaluation and Iteration
6) Transfer