Visual, Communication, and Cog Function Aids Flashcards
Congenital Cognitive Disorders
ADD, dyslexia, TBI as a child (disorders person was born with) (**Learning disabilities are NOT congenital disorders!)
Key factor distinguishing nonoptical from optical aids?
Nonoptical aids are based on changes in the actual material to be read. (Optical aids affect the image presented to the eye.)
Individual has LOW VISION if:
He or she is able to use the visual system for reading, but size, contrast or spacing are inadequate.
(When visual system offers NO input = blindness.)
Alternate sensory pathways to augment reading when vision is impaired?
- Tactile
* Auditory
Vision loss affecting central vision, with peripheral vision preserved
Age-related macular degeneration.
**Glaucoma is opposite.
“User Agent” for the visually impaired
Software that is used to access web content.
Elements providing greater access to the computer for visually impaired:
- A screen reader that reads displayed text
- A screen reader that provides Braille output
- A sound generated when specific function keys are pressed.
Mobility aid that provides the most tactile and auditory input of the environment with detection of overhangs/drop-offs:
Electronically augmented cane with sensory signal.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Method of controlling computer using icons and cursor movements.
Converts written text to ASCII code
Optical character-recognition software or hardware.
Electronic component that makes electronic navigation aids possible
GPS
Language
Set of symbols (concepts with expressive meaning) and the rules for organizing them.
Difference between High-Tech and Low-Tech AAC Systems?
High-tech AAC systems have electronic components; low-tech do not.
Children with ASD who use AAC:
- Depend on rote or episodic memory and benefit from contextual clues/prompts.
- Have difficulty with joint attention and understanding and using symbols.
- Prefer visual information that does not change.
- The use of total communication (speech and manual signing) is an effective strategy.
Vocabulary selection for a client’s AAC device must:
…vary by context, communication modes, and individual characteristics.
Key considerations for the mounting of AAC system?
- Ease of access to device by client
- Whether client uses manual and/or electric w/c(s)
- Client’s ability to move the device aside or completely remove for transfers
Considerations for planning and long-term goal setting for AAC use by a client with ALS?
- Know the difference between presentation of spinal (limbs/muscles affected) forms and bulbar (language/cognition affected) forms of ALS
- Client will require a transition plan of AAC selection techniques as motor function decreases
- Client will require AAC support in last stages of disease
- How family communicates with the client
Visual Scene Displays
Capture events in a person’s life on the screen with “hot spots” that can be accessed to retrieve information.
Scripts
Way of training individuals to achieve social competence and more effective interactions.
Tadoma Method
Tactile system used to substitute for auditory input for people who are deaf AND blind. (Involves feeling the speaker’s face.) * Used by Helen Keller.
24-Hour Electronic Time Panel
Device that may help understand duration of activities/waiting for clients with intellectual disability that includes deficits in memory, abstract generalization, problem-solving, or communication.
Types of Attention
SELECTIVE: tracking of one stimuli and ignoring another
SEARCH: active scanning of environment for particular stimuli or features
VIGILANCE: paying close/continuous attention
Types of Memory
ENCODING: physical and sensory transferred into representation that can be stored in memory
IMPLICIT: enhanced performance on a task, as a result of prior experience, despite having no conscious awareness of recollecting the prior experience
STORAGE: the movement of encoded info into memory and the maintenance of information in storage
Watch Minder with 30 Programmable Alarms
AT that can help with prompting/cueing of tasks at home/work for those with ADHD.
Considerations to make web pages more accessible to those with cognitive disabilities
- Reduce screen clutter
- Group textual information under logical headings
- Supplement text with illustrations and other media
Memory Aids
Recording, word completion/prediction, and information retrieval AT.
Word Completion/Prediction Software best for…
… those with learning disability who have trouble with language skills, specifically visual or auditory memory.
Smart House
Provides automatic monitoring of occupants using sensors.
Types of Hearing Loss
CONDUCTIVE loss: due to pathological defects of middle ear.
SENSORINEURAL loss: due to defects in cochlea or auditory nerve.
CENTRAL loss: due to damage to auditory cortex or brain.
FUNCTIONAL DEAFNESS: due to perceptual deficits not physiological deficits.
FaceToFace
Portable note taking device for those who are deaf and blind. The person who is deaf/blind types on braille keyboard, and it’s displayed on a screen for the reading person. Then, the reading person types back, which appears as braille to the deaf/blind person.
Speech Disorders
APRAXIA: oral or limb or both; seen in CP, ASD, epilepsy, intellectual disabilities
DYSARTHRIA: CNS or PNS damage; MS or ALS
Aphasia
LANGUAGE disorders (not speech!) due to brain tumor, stroke, brain damage.
Types of Communicators
EMERGENT: no method of symbolic expression (ie: 1-year-olds)
CONTEXT-DEPENDENT: reliable communication but limited to specific contexts (ie: twins that have own language together)
INDEPENDENT: able to communicate with unfamiliar/familiar partners on any topic (ie: deaf grandmother who figures it out)
Procedural vs. Declarative Knowledge
PROCEDURAL: “knowing how” to do things; does not involve conscious thought; riding a bike.
DECLARATIVE: “knowing that”; conscious recall of information; your baseball team name; your child’s birthday.
Retrieval vs. Recall vs. Recognition
Memory use types.
RETRIEVAL: recovery of stored info & using/reviewing it; often where memory breakdown occurs.
RECALL: retrieving info with NO hints (fill in the blank questions)
RECOGNITION: retrieving info WITH hints (multiple choice questions)
Dementia Symptoms:
- Memory loss, often noticed by spouse/others
- Difficulty communicating/finding words
- Difficulty with visual/spatial abilities (getting lost)
- Difficulty reasoning or problem-solving
- Difficulty handling complex tasks
- Difficulty planning/organizing
- Difficulty with coordination/motor functions
- Confusion/disorientation
Problem-Solving Step by Step
1) Problem identification
2) Judgement
3) Decision making (deductive/general or inductive/specific reasoning)
4) Planning
5) Evaluation and Iteration
6) Transfer
