Ch. 1-3 - Principles of AT/HAAT Flashcards
Disability
Socially constructed phenomenon that results from barriers present in the environment. Located in the environment, NOT in the person.
WHO’s ICF views disability as result of interaction betw person and environment (so it’s possible in everyone’s experience).
ICF
World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Impairment (ICF).
• Classifies components of body structures and functions, activities and participation, and the environment in terms of their influence on health.
• 2 aims stated that are relevant to AT: 1) to provide a basis for research on health and its determinants, and 2) to establish a common language that will foster effective communication across different users.
ICF Definition of Activity vs. Participation
Activity = execution of a task/action by individual.
Participation = involvement in a life situation.
ICF Definition of Activity Limitations vs. Participation Restrictions
Activity Limitations = difficulties an individual may have in executing ACTIVITIES. (ie: inability to don boots due to amputated arm)
Participation Restrictions = problems an individual may have in involvement in life SITUATIONS.
ICF Definition of Body Functions vs. Impairments
Body Function = the physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions). (ie: Seeing, Voice, Respiration, Muscle Tone)
Impairments = problems in body function as a significant deviation or loss (ie: decreased endurance, muscle weakness or paralysis, amputation, decreased vision.)
3 Activity Performance Area Classifications
1) ADL
2) Work/productive
3) Play/leisure
Data on Disability
- ~720 million ppl worldwide have disability
- ~190 million (3.8% of world population) have “severe disability” that limits daily activities
- Women, OAs, people in poverty, and people who live in low- or middle-income countries have higher prevalence of disability
HAAT
Human Activity Assistive Technology model, introduced by Cook and Hussey (1995). A HUMAN is doing an ACTIVITY in a CONTEXT using AT {visual: 3-piece pie chart inside “context” cube}
• Guides service delivery, outcome evaluation, and R&D of AT
• Describes person doing an activity in certain contexts using AT
• Focus is on the person engaged in activities that they need, want, or are expected to do, not on the AT
United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
Recognizes the “inherent dignity and worth and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.”
• Disability occurs at intersection of person/context in which they live
• Extent of disability different for different contexts
• Signatories of this document will enact legislation, regulations and other measures to ensure these rights
• RIGHTS INCLUDE: general obligations (R&D); accessibility; living independently/in community; personal mobility; freedom of expression/access to info; education; health; habilitation/rehab; work/employment; participation in political/public life; and participation in cultural life, recreation, leisure, and sports.
Assistive Technology Service
Defined by US Assistive Technology Act 1998/2004 as: “any service that directly assists an individual with a disability in the selection, acquisition or use of an AT device.”
Principles of AT Service Delivery/Design
1) PERSON-CENTERED process;
2) FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME;
3) use of EVIDENCE-INFORMED process;
4) use of an ETHICAL process;
5) AT services are provided in a SUSTAINABLE manner (are available to the under-resourced).
Distributive Justice
Theory of social justice premised on the idea that inequities occur at the intersection of the person with a disability and the context in which she lives. (Reduce inequities with distribution of resources: financial, educational, employment, health, infrastructure, etc.)
Ecological Models in OT
Describe the relationships among the PERSON, ENVIRONMENT, and OCCUPATION – informs the practice of OT.
• CMOP-E (Canadian Model of Occ Performance and Engagement)
• PEOP (Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance)
Considerations RE: AT use in Activities
- Temporal aspects (length of time/frequency of activity)
- Does activity involve other people
- Location of activity/contextual influences on AT
- Issues affecting transportation of the device
HUMAN aspect of HAAT
Includes the user’s abilities in MOTOR, SENSORY, COGNITIVE and affective areas. Understanding these functions is necessary to guide recommendation of effective AT/develop training.
*Also includes ACCESS BARRIERS!
CONTEXT aspect of HAAT
1) PHYSICAL context (natural and built; physical parameters) (ie: width of door to bathroom)
2) SOCIAL context (ie: family, friends, coworkers)
3) CULTURAL context (ie: attitudes toward gender)
4) INSTITUTIONAL context (incl formal legal, legislative acts/regulations, policies, practices, and procedures in educational, work, organizational and community settings; also sociocultural such as religious institutions) (ie: funding agencies)
ACTIVITY aspect of HAAT
Process of doing something, carried out as part of daily living. Can be classified as: 1) ADLs, 2) work/productive, or 3) play/leisure.
AT aspect of HAAT
AT as an ENABLER for human doing activity in a context. Four aspects of AT (all AT have at least one):
1) Human/technology interface (HTI)
2) Processor
3) Environmental sensor
4) Activity output
Hard vs. Soft Tech
HARD = actual, tangible device such as computer hardware, AAC device, Braille reader, or mobility device.
SOFT = less tangible aspects that support use of a device, incl other people, written/auditory materials, or computer software.
Occupational Competence
The ability of a person to meet the demands that are required for successful engagement in various life roles.
Ecological Models of AT Assessment and Service Delivery
1) Matching Person and Technology (MPT): consistent with 3 HAAT elements (making changes to one element–AT, context, person–effects change in others); does not discuss activities.
2) Comprehensive Assistive Technology (CAT): categorizes and describes features that influence use of AT. Design spec, initial assessment, and outcome evaluation are prime applications of CAT. Uses same 4 categories as HAAT.
Primary Applications of HAAT Model (list)
1) Product R&D
2) Product usability studies
3) Client/clinical assessment
4) Outcome evaluation (individual or collective)
Product R&D Application of HAAT
- Conduct preparatory studies investigating needs of consumer prior to product development (consider activity, human, and contextual needs)
- User-centered, function-based approach to design
Usability Application of HAAT
Describes how well user is able to access the device’s functionality. Key features of usability:
1) Learnability (easy to learn)
2) Efficiency (timely, minimal effort)
3) Memorability (use easily remembered)
4) Errors (incorrect actions made by user that limit use)
5) Satisfaction (user’s positive experience)
6) Ease of Use (simple to use regularly)
Clinical Assessment Application of HAAT
Identification of need to be addressed by AT, assessment of key aspects, synthesis of results, and device recommendation. User-centered.
• Clinical team can incl users/family members, audiologists, OT, PT, SLP, nurses, physicians, teachers, rehab engineers, and educational consultants.
• Also considers institutional policies; procurement of funding.
Outcome Evaluation Application of HAAT
1) Evaluation of outcome of device use by one client
2) Outcome of device use for group of individuals (for research study; EBP)
- Based on goals of client
- Incl satisfaction with device/psychosocial impact
Working Definition of Technology
- A capability given by the practical application of knowledge (smart phone; wheelchair)
- A manner of accomplishing a task especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledge.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
Computers, mobile phones, tablets. Gateways to knowledge-based economy. ICTs are being made accessible to ppl with disabilities and used as ATs.
• Dramatically affect how we learn, work, play.
• Dependence on them can be greater for those with disabilities.
