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Special Senses - Eye > Vision Loss > Flashcards

Vision Loss Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main types of refractive error?

A
  1. Myopia (near-sighted)
  2. Hypermetropia (far-sighted)
  3. Astigmatism
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2
Q

Where is light focused in myopia?

A

In front of retina

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3
Q

What lens is used to correct myopia?

A

Concave lens

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4
Q

Where is light focused in hypermetropia?

A

Behind retina

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5
Q

What lens is used to correct hypermetropia?

A

Convex lens

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6
Q

What symptom is associated with hypermetropia (far-sighted)?

A

Headache (due to straining to read)

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7
Q

What deformity is present in astigmatism?

A

Lens/cornea is not symmetrical

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8
Q

How is astigmatism corrected?

A

Varying thickness lens

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9
Q

What age group and sex are cataracts more common in?

A

Elderly

Women

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10
Q

Three risk factors for cataract formation?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Diabetes
  3. Systemic corticosteroids
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11
Q

Main symptom of cataracts?

A

Gradual, painless vision loss

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12
Q

Three presenting complaints in cataracts?

A
  1. Difficulty reading
  2. Difficulty recognising faces
  3. Difficulty watching TV
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13
Q

Main sign of cataracts?

A

Defect in red reflex

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14
Q

Treatment of cataracts?

A

Lens replacement surgery

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15
Q

What are the four diagnostic features of open angle glaucoma?

A
  1. Progressive vision loss
  2. Adult onset
  3. IOP >21
  4. Open angle
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16
Q

Four risk factors of open angle glaucoma?

A
  1. Age >65 yrs
  2. Family history
  3. Ocular hypertension
  4. Myopia
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17
Q

Three signs of open angle glaucoma?

A
  1. Raised IOP
  2. Cup:disc ratio >0.3
  3. Reduced visual fields
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18
Q

Treatment of open angle glaucoma to encourage aqueous outflow?

A

Prostaglandin analogue (latanoprost)

19
Q

Two treatments of open angle glaucoma that reduces aqueous secretion?

A
  1. Beta blockers (timolol)

2. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetalozamide - tablet)

20
Q

Surgery to treat open angle glaucoma?

A

Laser/mechanical hole formation to improve outflow

21
Q

Who is most at risk of macular degeneration?

A

Over 60 yrs, women 2x more likely

22
Q

What are the two types of macular degeneration and which is more common?

A

Wet and dry

Dry = 9/10 cases

23
Q

What is the cause of macular degeneration and what extra feature is involved in wet macular degeneration?

A

Both forms have gradual thinning and degeneration of macula

Wet has angiogenesis

24
Q

Four risk factors of macular degeneration?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Hypertension
  3. Sun damage
  4. Obesity
25
Q

Three symptoms of macular degeneration?

A
  1. Painless, gradual vision loss (faster in wet)
  2. Visual distortion
  3. Visual hallucinations (in severe vision loss)
26
Q

Three signs of macular degeneration?

A
  1. Reduced visual acuity
  2. Drusen spots (wet)
  3. Flame, dot and blot haemorrhages (wet)
27
Q

Treatment of dry macular degeneration?

A

Lifestyle changes to slow progression

28
Q

Treatment of wet macular degeneration?

A

Anti-VEGF injections (ranibizumab)

29
Q

What age group is most at risk of retinal artery occlusion?

A

Over 60 yrs

30
Q

Four risk factors of RAO?

A
  1. AF
  2. Atherosclerosis
  3. Eye injury
  4. Endocarditis
31
Q

Main symptom of RAO?

A

Profound, painless vision loss

32
Q

Main sign of RAO?

A

Pale retina with cherry spot macula

33
Q

Why is the macula unaffected in RAO?

A

Blood to macula is supplied by the choroid

34
Q

`Three treatments to try and dislodge clots in RAO?

A
  1. Ocular massage
  2. Lower IOP
  3. Vasodilation
35
Q

What age group is most at risk from retinal vein occlusion?

A

Over 60 yrs

36
Q

Six risk factors of RVO?

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. High cholesterol
  3. Glaucoma
  4. Diabetes
  5. Smoking
  6. Hypercoaguability
37
Q

Main symptom of RVO?

A

Profound, usually painless vision loss

38
Q

When does RVO present with severe pain?

A

In the presence of glaucoma

39
Q

Three signs of RVO?

A
  1. Dot, blot and flame haemorrhages
  2. Cotton wool spots
  3. Disc cupping
40
Q

Three treatments for RVO?

A
  1. Reduce IOP
  2. Anti-VEGF (if angiogenesis is present)
  3. Steroid injection
41
Q

Three main risk factors for retinal detachment?

A
  1. Myopia
  2. Cataract removal
  3. Trauma (football, paintball, bungee jumps)
42
Q

Three main symptoms of retinal detachment?

A
  1. Flashers
  2. Floaters
  3. Curtain-like vision loss
43
Q

Two signs of retinal detachment?

A
  1. Grey, folded red reflex

2. Decreased visual fields

44
Q

Two main treatments of retinal detachment?

A
  1. Raise IOP (gas/oil injection)

2. Scleral buckling (drains fluid behind retina)

Special Senses - Eye (3 decks)

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