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Practical Revision > Vision, Forebrain, Blood Supply > Flashcards

Vision, Forebrain, Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

What is the outer coat of the eye called and what is its role?

A

Sclera
Provides the main structural support
Continuous with the cornea

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2
Q

What is the role of the cornea?

A

Provides majority of the eye’s focussing power but cannot be easily altered

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3
Q

What part of the eye is responsible for accommodation?

A

Lens

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4
Q

What is the middle coat of the eye called?

A

Uveal tract

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5
Q

What is the layer beneath the retina and what is its role?

A

Choroid

Important for supporting the retina (including part of its blood supply)

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6
Q

Where is the ciliary body located?

A

Anteriorly, around the lens, the uveal part becomes the ciliary body

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7
Q

What are the components of the ciliary body?

A

Ciliary muscle
Suspensory ligaments (zonules)
Cells that produce the aqueous humour

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8
Q

Where is the iris located?

A

Continues from the ciliary body, just anterior to the lens

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9
Q

What is the role of the suspensory ligaments?

A

Hold the lens in place

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10
Q

What is the inner coat of the eye?

A

Retina

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11
Q

What is in the deeper layers of the retina?

A

Photoreceptors

Retinal pigment epithelium

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12
Q

Which class of neurons is responsible for output from the retina (i.e. their axons form the optic nerves)?

A

Ganglion cells

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13
Q

Define the optical pathway

A

Cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, lens, posterior chamber, vitreous, retina

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14
Q

What is the line from the centre of the pupil to the centre of macula lutea called?

A

Visual axis of the eye

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15
Q

Describe the orientation of the image on the retina

A

Inverted

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16
Q

Where is the drainage mechanism for removal of aqueous humour located?

A

Beneath the angle of the anterior chamber

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17
Q

What causes presbyopia?

A

Decreased elasticity of the lens that occurs with age

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18
Q

Describe the shape of the lens when the ciliary muscle is relaxed

A

When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, the shape of the eye applies tension in the suspensory ligaments which flattens the lens somewhat

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19
Q

Describe the shape of the lens when the ciliary muscle is contracted. What is the effect of this shape change on vision?

A

Contraction of the ciliary muscle loosens the suspensory ligaments, allowing the lens to get closer to its natural thicker shape
Brings near objects into focus on the retina

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20
Q

What causes contraction of the ciliary muscle?

A

Parasympathetic innervation from CNIII

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21
Q

What is mydriasis?

A

Pupil dilation

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22
Q

What is the name of the radial smooth muscle in the iris?

A

Dilator pupillae

23
Q

What is the name of the circular smooth muscle in the iris?

A

Sphincter pupillae

24
Q

What is miosis?

A

Pupil constriction

25
Q

What are the key structures to look for in fundoscopy?

A

Optic disc
Macula
Retinal blood vessels

26
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

The start of the optic nerve

27
Q

Is the optic disc medial or lateral in the retina?

A

Medial

28
Q

What part of the normal visual field corresponds to the optic disc?

A

Blind spot

29
Q

What is papilloedema? What does it indicate?

A

Swelling of the optic disc, with blurred edges

Raised ICP

30
Q

What is the fovea? What is its role?

A

The small pit at the centre of the macula

Crucial for good daylight vision (hight acuity, full colour)

31
Q

What are the characteristics of vision provided by the peripheral retina?

A

More sensitive (e.g. night vision)
Less acuity
Little or no colour discrimination

32
Q

What are the 4 elements of a basic screening test of the visual sensory system in a neurological examination?

A

Visual acuity
Visual fields
Pupil reflexes
Fundoscopy

33
Q

What characteristic of the visual system is responsible for our binocular vision? What is the advantage of binocular vision?

A

The substantial overlap between the visual field of the left eye and that of the right eye
Useful for stereoscopic perception of depth

34
Q

On what parts of the retina does the left visual field form an image?

A

Nasal hemi-retina of the left eye

Temporal hemi-retina of the right eye

35
Q

What is retinotopic organisation?

A

Point to point mapping from retina to primary visual cortex (to maintain spatial relationships in the image on the retina)

36
Q

Draw in and label the stages of the visual pathway, including optic discs, optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiations, and upper and lower banks of the calcarine sulcus. Where is the decussation in this route? Where are the synapses?

A

IMAGE

37
Q

Which part of the visual field is received by the right visual cortex? What is the pathway route of these signals?

A

???

38
Q

Which region of V1 cortex receives information about the upper part of the visual field? What is the route taken by these signals?

A

???

39
Q

Where in the V1 cortex is the central visual field represented?

A

In the most posterior zone

40
Q

Where in the V1 cortex are the peripheral regions of the visual field represented?

A

More anteriorly in V1

41
Q

What is the macular cortex? What is the difference between the macular cortex and the cortical locations for peripheral vision?

A

V1 regions that receive visual signals from the macula in the retina (i.e. best acuity)
More cortex and smaller receptive fields than the peripheral vision regions

42
Q

Where is the macular cortex?

A

???

43
Q

Label the optic nerve, optic tract, LGN, temporal part of radiation and parietal part of radiation. Draw in the routes for upper vs. lower visual field.

A

IMAGE

44
Q

A lesion in what location would cause monocular vision loss in the left eye?

A

Left optic nerve

45
Q

A lesion in what location would cause right homonymous hemianopia?

A

Left post-chiasm (tract, LGN, radiations, V1)

46
Q

A lesion in what location would cause a bi-temporal hemianopia?

A

At the optic chiasm

47
Q

What are the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Aggregations of nuclei with various functions

48
Q

List 4 regions of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamic region
Epithalamus (includes pineal gland)

49
Q

List 4 key systems in which the thalamus organises delivery to the cortex

A

Somatosensory pathways
Visual pathway
Auditory pathway
Motor pathways from basal ganglia and cerebellum

50
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus? What other components of the nervous system does it interact with?

A

Control centre for homeostasis
Acts through the ANS and via the pituitary gland
Also interacts with memory sub-systems and limbic system for emotional reactions and behavioural drives

51
Q

What are the major grey matter components of the telencephalon? List 2 additional grey matter elements

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Additional elements include amygdala and claustrum

52
Q

Describe the common basic microstructure of the cerebral cortex. What is this type of cortex called?

A

Pyramidal neurons with dendrites extending through 6 layers

Neocortex (or isocortex)

53
Q

How is the hippocampus different from the rest of the cerebral cortex? What is its role

A

Distinctively different structure based on 3 layers (archicortex)
Crucial for certain forms of learning, notably the formation of declarative memory

Practical Revision (7 decks)

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