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Practical Revision > Brainstem and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brainstem and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Label the following features, learning whether each is ventral or dorsal: cerebral peduncles, cerebellar peduncles, tectum, floor of 4th ventricle, basilar part of pons, pyramid, olive, dorsal column nuclei, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus

Also label the cranial nerve roots 2-12

A
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2
Q

Which of the brainstem surface landmarks contain nuclei (are grey matter)?

A

Colliculi and olive

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3
Q

Which of the brainstem surface landmarks are white matter tracts?

A

Peduncles and pyramids

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4
Q

Which cranial nerve exits from the dorsal brainstem?

A

CNIV

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5
Q

Where are the nuclei of the cranial nerves exiting the brainstem located?

A

Within the brainstem at about the same transverse level as their nerve roots

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6
Q

Which tracts are contained within the cerebral peduncles?

A

Descending axons (corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticopontine)

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7
Q

Are the cerebral peduncles in the ventral or dorsal midbrain?

A

Ventral midbrain

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8
Q

Which tracts are contained within the cerebellar peduncles?

A

Convey all axons entering or leaving the cerebrum

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9
Q

Are the cerebellar peduncles located ventrally or dorsally?

A

Dorsally

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10
Q

Which is the largest cerebellar peduncle?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

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11
Q

What is the tectum and what does it contain?

A

Region of the midbrain dorsal to the aqueduct Contains the 4 colliculi

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12
Q

What is the red nucleus?Where is it located?

A

Motor nucleus (origin of the rubrospinal tract) Located in the midbrain ventral to the cerebral aqueduct

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13
Q

What is the tegmentum and what does it contain?

A

Region of the brainstem immediately ventral to the 4th ventricle (or in the midbrain between the cerebral aqueduct and the cerebral peduncles) Contains all the brainstem cranial nerve nuclei, most of the ascending tracts and most of the reticular formation

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14
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Network of neurons spanning all 3 divisions of the brainstem

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15
Q

What are the RAS projections?

A

Projections from the reticular activating system (part of the reticular formation) responsible for regulating global CNS arousal and conscious state

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16
Q

What do the vital centres in the reticular formation control?

A

Breathing HR BP Micturition Vomiting

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17
Q

What structures are contained within the ventral zone of the brainstem?

A

Motor structures Cranial nerve axons passing to their nerve roots

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18
Q

Where do corticospinal tracts pass in the brainstem?

A

From cerebral peduncles, continue down through ventral pons, then gather as the pyramid in the ventral medulla

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19
Q

What are the afferent and efferent nerves involved in the corneal reflex? Which division of the brainstem does this test?

A

Afferent: CNV1 Efferent: CNVII Tests the pons

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20
Q

What are the afferent and efferent nerves involved in the pupillary light reflex? Which division of the brainstem does this test?

A

Afferent: CNII Efferent: EW nucleus of CNIII Tests the midbrain

21
Q

What are the afferent and efferent nerves involved in the gag reflex? Which division of the brainstem does this test?

A

Afferent: CNIX Efferent: CNX Tests the medulla

22
Q

Describe the course of the DCML

A

Dorsal column tracts synapse in the dorsal column nuclei (gracile and cuneate) Axons from these decussate to form the medial lemniscus tract ML shits laterally as it ascends to the thalamus

23
Q

Describe the course of the corticospinal tract

A

Pyramids in the medulla contain all the corticospinal axons Most of these axons decussate at the spino-medullary junction to descend laterally in the spinal cord

24
Q

What are the targets of the corticobulbar axons?

A

Composed of the UMNs of all motor fibres of the cranial nerves (except CNIII); targets the facial, glossopharyngeal, etc. muscles

25
Q

Draw and label a transverse section of the midbrain

A
26
Q

Where is the trigeminal ganglion located?

A

Adjacent to the pons laterally

27
Q

What is the difference in the pathway of light touch vs. pain/temperature for CNV?

A

Light touch: axons synapse and decussate in the pons Pain/temperature: axons synapse and decussate in the medulla Both then ascend to the thalamus alongside other somatosensory tracts

28
Q

Where are the roots of CNVII and CNVIII found?

A

Laterally in the cerebello-pontine angle

29
Q

Where does the main part of CNVII pass?

A

Through the facial canal in the temporal bone, near inner and middle ear

30
Q

What does voluntary elevation of the soft palate test?

A

CNX

31
Q

Which tongue muscle is not innervated by CNXII?

A

Palatoglossus

32
Q

What is diplopia?

A

Double vision

33
Q

Where is the annulus of Zinn located relative to the optical axis at primary gaze?

A

Medial to the optical axis at primary gaze

34
Q

What is the action of levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Elevates the upper eyelid

35
Q

How do you test all the extraocular muscles?

A
36
Q

Where are the ear structures housed?

A

In the petrous temporal bone (apart from the auricle)

37
Q

Name the 3 ossicles in order from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

A

Malleus Incus Stapes

38
Q

What does the bony labyrinth of the ear contain?

A

Perilymph and the membranous labyrinth

39
Q

What does the membranoous labyrinth of the ear contain?

A

Endolymph and the sensory organs

40
Q

What is the spiral ganglion?

A

Ganglion within the cochlea with cell bodies for the cochlear part of CNVIII

41
Q

What is the vestibular ganglion?

A

Ganglion within the cochlea with cell bodies for the vestibular part of CNVIII

42
Q

What foramen allows CNVIII to pass from the inner ear into the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

43
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

Part of the basilar membrane with an intricate arrangement of auditory hair cells (allow transduction of sound waves into neural signals)

44
Q

Which part of the basilar membrane encodes lower frequency sounds?

A

Hair cells located closer to the apex of the basilar membrane

45
Q

What is the kinetic function of the vestibular apparatus? How is this achieved?

A

Sensing of rotations by the 3 semicircular ducts When the head rotates, fluid in the ducts initially rotates less than the head, and this movement difference stimulates vestibular hair cells in the ampulla of the duct

46
Q

What does faulty signalling from the vestibular apparatus typically cause?

A

Vertigo

47
Q

What is the static function of the vestibular apparatus? How is this achieved?

A

Sensing linear translations or position of the head relative to gravity by the utricle and saccule (located in the vestibule) The utricle and saccule have hair cells incorporated into sensors weighted by calcium carbonate crystals (otoliths); different orientations of utricle and saccule mean that position relative to gravity can be detected (they also respond to starting or stopping head movement because inertia of the weights transiently bends the hairs of the receptors)

48
Q

What aspects of the CNS do the vestibular nuclei have connections to?

A

Cerebellum Spinal cord Circuits controlling eye movements (vestibulo-ocular reflex, VOR)

49
Q

Describe the trigeminal sensory pathway in the brain (UMNs and LMNs)

A

Practical Revision (7 decks)

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