Vision Flashcards

1
Q

________ connect the lens to the ciliary muscle

A

zonule fibers

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2
Q

The cornea provides ______ of the
refractive (or focusing) power for the eye,
while the lens provides only ______.

A

~2/3,

~1/3.

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3
Q

_________ capture photons of light and convert (transduction) them to an electrical signal (change in membrane potential), which is passed synaptically to , _______ & ________ and then to the
output cells of the retina, the ganglion cells

A

Photoreceptors (rods and cones),

bipolar cells and horizontal cells

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4
Q

Cones mediate _____ vision, are concentrated in the fovea, and work well only in ______ light. Rods are
color insensitive and work best in dim light

A

color,

bright

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5
Q

______ are the dominant photoreceptor away from the

fovea

A

rods

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6
Q

Humans have about ______rods and ______ cones in each retina

A

100 million,

8 million

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7
Q

in the dark photoreceptors have a relatively high

concentration of ______ which binds to and holds opens nonselective cation channels

A

cyclic GMP (cGMP),

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8
Q

Ganglion cells have donutshaped
receptive fields and come in two opposite types
Some are excited by light shining
in their centers and inhibited by light in the periphery called _________. Others are the
opposite called ________.

A

(‘on’ center ganglion cells)

‘off ‘ center ganglion cells

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9
Q

Bipolar cells can be either excited as in _____ or inhibited as in _____ by glutamate (due to different receptor types)

A

(OFF-center),

ON-center

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10
Q

Bipolar cells always make ________ synapses on ganglion cells

A

excitatory

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11
Q

Horizontal cells have excitatory receptors for _______released from photoreceptors, and make
_______ synapses on the neighboring photoreceptors in the field center

A

glutamate,

inhibitory

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12
Q

the LGN represents the _______

visual field

A

contralateral

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13
Q

Beyond the LGN, axons involved in
visual processing fan out in the ______ to the
visual cortex at the back of the brain

A

optic radiations

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14
Q

the lower half of each retina (which
‘sees’ the upper half of the visual world) projects to the
______of each visual cortex (the lower bank of the
calcarine sulcus)

A

lower half

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15
Q

Layers 1, 4, and 6 of LGN receive inputs from the ________ eye (these inputs desiccate at the chiasm)

A

contralateral

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16
Q

layers 2, 3, and 5 of the LGN receive inputs from the ________ eye. (these inputs desiccate at the chiasm)

A

ipsilateral

17
Q

There is also a secondary segregation of information in the 6 layerspf LGN: Layers 1 and 2
receive inputs from the so-called ________while layers 3-6 receive inputs from the so-called _______.

A

magnocellular ganglion cells,

parvocellular ganglion cells.

18
Q

what does the Parvocellular System detect?

A

Object Vision – color, form, detail

19
Q

what are the 4 response properties of the Parvocellular System?

A
  1. High acuity (fine detail)
  2. Small receptive fields
  3. Not responsive to motion
  4. Color vision (input from cones)
20
Q

what are the 4 response properties of the Magnocellular System?

A
  1. Low acuity (crude form)
  2. Large receptive fields
  3. Responsive to motion
  4. No color vision (input from rods)
21
Q

thee foveal region, which occupies a tiny

fraction of the retina, occupies nearly ______ of the visual cortex

22
Q

each hypercolumn is divided in two parts, one half for each eye; these are called ______

A

ocular dominance columns

23
Q

describe hierarchical processing

A

Several cells with similar but spatially offset receptive fields converge on a higher order cell to create an altogether new type of receptive field.

24
Q

what is the receptor field shape of a simple cell?

25
what is the receptor field shape of a complex cell?
edge
26
It is from the _______ of the 3 cone types by single wavelengths of light that the nervous system extracts the information it needs to create cells in the cortex that respond only to particular colors
relative activities
27
what is parallel processing in the visual system
``` dissimilar dimensions (e.g. color and form) must be analyzed by separate, but parallel, neural systems. ```
28
The Dorsal Pathway travels from V1 dorsally to the parietal lobe and is generally believed to be responsible for _______ vision
spatial
29
Ventral Pathway travels ventrally from V1 to the temporal lobe and is generally believed to be responsible for __________
object vision, including color, form, and pattern vision